In the previous issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, Massengale and  translation - In the previous issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, Massengale and  Indonesian how to say

In the previous issue of Arthritis

In the previous issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, Massengale and colleagues [1] investigate the association between leptin and symptomatic hand osteoarthritis (OA). Leptin is one of the adipokines, an umbrella name for various metabolic factors produced by fat tissue. Excess of fat has long been recognized as an important risk factor for the development and progression of OA. The quite new interest in the metabolic role of fat excess in OA is boosted by the observation that fat excess is also a risk factor for developing OA in non-weight-bearing joints, such as those in the hand. The present view is that obesity leads to OA because of not only mechanical but also metabolic effects.

In the investigation of the metabolic effect of fat in OA, hand joints are preferable to hips or knees because the former are not weight-bearing and therefore the metabolic effect does not need to be separated from a biomechanical effect. However, the number of studies on adipokines in hand OA is very small. In the above-mentioned cross-sectional study of more than 1,000 patients, Massengale and colleagues did not find an association between leptin and hand OA. In that study, hand OA is defined by an algorithm that incorporates symptoms and physical examination. What the authors show is interesting because it challenges the basic science evidence that leans toward the deleterious effect of leptin on cartilage [2], a major tissue involved in OA. Their study is complementary to one of ours: in possibly the only other study of leptin in hand OA, we showed that baseline leptin had no association with the worsening of hand OA on radiographs during 6 years of follow-up [3].

Adiponectin is another adipokine that has received considerable attention in basic research in OA. The three published clinical studies on adiponectin and hand OA separately provide evidence for each of the possible associations: a protective effect, no effect, or a positive damaging effect. Whereas we found that adiponectin was protective against long-term radiographic worsening of hand OA [3], Filková and colleagues [4] showed, in a cross-sectional study, that the serum level of adiponectin was higher in women with erosive hand OA (often considered a particularly severe type of hand OA) than in women with 'usual' hand OA. A cross-sectional study by Choe and colleagues [5] did not find any difference in adiponectin levels of women with hand OA and those of women without it. These results from clinical studies are in line with the results from basic research. At present, there is no agreement that adiponectin is 'good' or 'bad' for joint cartilage. For example, Kang and colleagues [6] demonstrated a catabolic effect of adiponectin on cartilage, whereas Chen and colleagues [7] showed a protective effect.

Efforts to expand our knowledge of adipokines in OA are clearly needed. Additional clinical studies are needed and perhaps should focus on hand OA. Currently, the body of evidence on the role of adipokines in knee OA is stronger than in hand OA. However, although studies on weight-bearing joints allow a better understanding of pathophysiology of fat in OA, separating the metabolic from the biomechanical effect of fat excess in weight-bearing joints will always be difficult. Large follow-up studies with radiographic hand OA will teach us much about the role of adipokines in OA.

A remark on the measurement of excess of fat should be made. Body mass index, which is commonly used, is actually only a proxy of human body fat. This might explain the conflicting results of studies of obesity and OA. Other ways to assess obesity, such as waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and fat mass [8], should also be used in examining obesity as a risk factor for OA. Since pain is the main reason that patients with OA visit their doctor, the role of adipokines in pain could also be investigated. We can speculate that adipokines might exert their effect on nociceptors in the joints. Basic science studies in OA investigate mostly the effect of adipokines on cartilage, but tissues such as synovium and bone marrow are also involved in OA, so it is also pertinent to explore the effect of adipokines on these tissues.

Interest in the role of adipokines is growing not only in OA but also in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [9]. OA and cardiovascular disease share obesity and increasing age as important risk factors. This has fuelled speculation that OA and cardiovascular disease are related. Adipokines might stimulate the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that subsequently limit the blood flow to the joint and therefore impair cartilage nutrition. This mechanism is intriguing because, if this hypothesis can be proven, adipokines will be the grand unification theory that relates OA to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases [10].
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In the previous issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, Massengale and colleagues [1] investigate the association between leptin and symptomatic hand osteoarthritis (OA). Leptin is one of the adipokines, an umbrella name for various metabolic factors produced by fat tissue. Excess of fat has long been recognized as an important risk factor for the development and progression of OA. The quite new interest in the metabolic role of fat excess in OA is boosted by the observation that fat excess is also a risk factor for developing OA in non-weight-bearing joints, such as those in the hand. The present view is that obesity leads to OA because of not only mechanical but also metabolic effects.In the investigation of the metabolic effect of fat in OA, hand joints are preferable to hips or knees because the former are not weight-bearing and therefore the metabolic effect does not need to be separated from a biomechanical effect. However, the number of studies on adipokines in hand OA is very small. In the above-mentioned cross-sectional study of more than 1,000 patients, Massengale and colleagues did not find an association between leptin and hand OA. In that study, hand OA is defined by an algorithm that incorporates symptoms and physical examination. What the authors show is interesting because it challenges the basic science evidence that leans toward the deleterious effect of leptin on cartilage [2], a major tissue involved in OA. Their study is complementary to one of ours: in possibly the only other study of leptin in hand OA, we showed that baseline leptin had no association with the worsening of hand OA on radiographs during 6 years of follow-up [3].Adiponectin is another adipokine that has received considerable attention in basic research in OA. The three published clinical studies on adiponectin and hand OA separately provide evidence for each of the possible associations: a protective effect, no effect, or a positive damaging effect. Whereas we found that adiponectin was protective against long-term radiographic worsening of hand OA [3], Filková and colleagues [4] showed, in a cross-sectional study, that the serum level of adiponectin was higher in women with erosive hand OA (often considered a particularly severe type of hand OA) than in women with 'usual' hand OA. A cross-sectional study by Choe and colleagues [5] did not find any difference in adiponectin levels of women with hand OA and those of women without it. These results from clinical studies are in line with the results from basic research. At present, there is no agreement that adiponectin is 'good' or 'bad' for joint cartilage. For example, Kang and colleagues [6] demonstrated a catabolic effect of adiponectin on cartilage, whereas Chen and colleagues [7] showed a protective effect.Efforts to expand our knowledge of adipokines in OA are clearly needed. Additional clinical studies are needed and perhaps should focus on hand OA. Currently, the body of evidence on the role of adipokines in knee OA is stronger than in hand OA. However, although studies on weight-bearing joints allow a better understanding of pathophysiology of fat in OA, separating the metabolic from the biomechanical effect of fat excess in weight-bearing joints will always be difficult. Large follow-up studies with radiographic hand OA will teach us much about the role of adipokines in OA.A remark on the measurement of excess of fat should be made. Body mass index, which is commonly used, is actually only a proxy of human body fat. This might explain the conflicting results of studies of obesity and OA. Other ways to assess obesity, such as waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and fat mass [8], should also be used in examining obesity as a risk factor for OA. Since pain is the main reason that patients with OA visit their doctor, the role of adipokines in pain could also be investigated. We can speculate that adipokines might exert their effect on nociceptors in the joints. Basic science studies in OA investigate mostly the effect of adipokines on cartilage, but tissues such as synovium and bone marrow are also involved in OA, so it is also pertinent to explore the effect of adipokines on these tissues.Interest in the role of adipokines is growing not only in OA but also in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [9]. OA and cardiovascular disease share obesity and increasing age as important risk factors. This has fuelled speculation that OA and cardiovascular disease are related. Adipokines might stimulate the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that subsequently limit the blood flow to the joint and therefore impair cartilage nutrition. This mechanism is intriguing because, if this hypothesis can be proven, adipokines will be the grand unification theory that relates OA to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases [10].
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Dalam edisi sebelumnya Arthritis Research & Terapi, Massengale dan rekan [1] menyelidiki hubungan antara leptin dan osteoarthritis tangan gejala (OA). Leptin adalah salah satu adipokines, nama payung untuk berbagai faktor metabolik yang dihasilkan oleh jaringan lemak. Kelebihan lemak telah lama dikenal sebagai faktor risiko penting untuk pengembangan dan perkembangan OA. Minat cukup baru dalam peran metabolisme lemak berlebih di OA didorong oleh pengamatan bahwa kelebihan lemak juga merupakan faktor risiko untuk mengembangkan OA di-non-berat bantalan sendi, seperti yang di tangan. Pandangan ini adalah bahwa obesitas menyebabkan OA karena tidak hanya efek metabolik mekanis tetapi juga. Dalam penyelidikan efek metabolisme lemak dalam OA, sendi tangan yang lebih baik untuk pinggul atau lutut karena mantan tidak menahan beban dan oleh karena itu Efek metabolik tidak perlu dipisahkan dari efek biomekanis. Namun, sejumlah penelitian tentang adipokines di OA tangan sangat kecil. Dalam studi cross-sectional yang disebutkan di atas lebih dari 1.000 pasien, Massengale dan rekan tidak menemukan hubungan antara leptin dan OA tangan. Dalam penelitian tersebut, OA tangan didefinisikan oleh suatu algoritma yang menggabungkan gejala dan hasil pemeriksaan fisik. Apa yang penulis menunjukkan menarik karena tantangan bukti ilmu dasar yang bersandar ke arah efek merusak dari leptin pada tulang rawan [2], jaringan utama yang terlibat dalam OA. Studi mereka ini melengkapi salah satu dari kita. Di mungkin satu-satunya studi lain dari leptin di OA tangan, kami menunjukkan bahwa leptin awal tidak memiliki hubungan dengan memburuknya OA tangan pada radiografi selama 6 tahun masa tindak lanjut [3] Adiponektin adalah adipokine lain yang telah menerima banyak perhatian dalam penelitian dasar dalam OA. Tiga studi klinis yang diterbitkan pada adiponektin dan tangan OA secara terpisah memberikan bukti untuk setiap asosiasi yang mungkin: efek perlindungan, tidak berpengaruh, atau efek merusak yang positif. Padahal kami menemukan adiponektin yang protektif terhadap radiografi jangka panjang memburuknya tangan OA [3], Filková dan rekan [4] menunjukkan, dalam sebuah penelitian cross-sectional, bahwa tingkat serum adiponektin lebih tinggi pada wanita dengan OA tangan erosif ( sering dianggap sebagai jenis yang sangat parah OA tangan) dibandingkan pada wanita dengan 'biasa' OA tangan. Sebuah studi cross-sectional dengan Choe dan rekan [5] tidak menemukan perbedaan dalam tingkat adiponectin wanita dengan OA tangan dan orang-orang perempuan tanpa itu. Hasil ini dari studi klinis yang sejalan dengan hasil dari penelitian dasar. Saat ini, tidak ada kesepakatan bahwa adiponektin adalah 'baik' atau 'buruk' untuk tulang rawan sendi. Misalnya, Kang dan rekan [6] menunjukkan efek katabolik adiponektin pada tulang rawan, sedangkan Chen dan rekan [7] menunjukkan efek perlindungan. Upaya untuk memperluas pengetahuan kita tentang adipokines di OA jelas diperlukan. Studi klinis tambahan diperlukan dan mungkin harus fokus pada OA tangan. Saat ini, tubuh bukti tentang peran adipokines di OA lutut lebih kuat daripada di OA tangan. Namun, meskipun penelitian pada sendi menahan beban memungkinkan pemahaman yang lebih baik dari patofisiologi lemak dalam OA, memisahkan metabolisme dari efek biomekanis dari kelebihan lemak di sendi menahan beban akan selalu sulit. Studi tindak lanjut yang besar dengan tangan radiografi OA akan mengajarkan kita banyak tentang peran adipokines di OA. Sebuah pernyataan pada pengukuran kelebihan lemak harus dibuat. Indeks massa tubuh, yang umum digunakan, sebenarnya hanya proxy lemak tubuh manusia. Ini mungkin menjelaskan hasil yang bertentangan dari penelitian obesitas dan OA. Cara lain untuk menilai obesitas, seperti lingkar pinggang, rasio pinggang-pinggul, dan massa lemak [8], juga harus digunakan dalam memeriksa obesitas sebagai faktor risiko untuk OA. Karena rasa sakit adalah alasan utama bahwa pasien dengan OA mengunjungi dokter mereka, peran adipokines sakit juga bisa diselidiki. Kita bisa berspekulasi bahwa adipokines mungkin mengerahkan efek mereka pada nosiseptor pada sendi. Studi ilmu dasar di OA menyelidiki sebagian besar efek adipokines pada tulang rawan, tapi jaringan seperti sinovium dan sumsum tulang juga terlibat dalam OA, sehingga juga berhubungan dengan mengeksplorasi efek adipokines pada jaringan tersebut. Minat peran adipokines adalah tumbuh tidak hanya di OA tetapi juga dalam penyakit kardiovaskular aterosklerotik [9]. OA dan penyakit kardiovaskular berbagi obesitas dan meningkatkan usia sebagai faktor risiko penting. Ini memiliki spekulasi memicu bahwa OA dan penyakit kardiovaskular terkait. Adipokines mungkin merangsang pembentukan plak aterosklerotik yang kemudian membatasi aliran darah ke sendi dan karena itu merusak nutrisi tulang rawan. Mekanisme ini menarik karena, jika hipotesis ini dapat dibuktikan, adipokines akan teori unifikasi agung yang berhubungan OA untuk penyakit kardiovaskular aterosklerotik [10].









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