TeacherStudent
Relationship and the Conceptualization of
the “Good Language Teacher”: Does Culture Matter?
Larisa Nikitina and Fumitaka Furuoka
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
Bio Data:
Larisa Nikitina is a lecturer at the Centre for the Promotion of Knowledge and Language
Learning, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, where she teaches the Russian language. Her current
research interest focuses on the affective aspects of language learning and teacherstudent
interaction.
Fumitaka Furuoka (Ph.D.) is an Associate Professor at the School of Business and
Economics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah where he teaches economics. His research interests
include the quantitative analysis and the measurement of psychometric qualities of
instruments employed in research on language teaching/learning.
Abstract
This study examines the dimensions in teacherstudent
relationship in the language
classroom. It also explores the most and the least desirable qualities of the language teacher
as perceived by a cohort of Malaysian university students, and the hierarchy of these
qualities. It has been proposed that cultural mores predominant within a particular society
would determine the patterns of teacherstudent
interpersonal communication and influence
the learners’ perceptions of their teachers. The present study adopts some relevant
frameworks developed in other academic disciplines to examine these issues. Participants in
this study were one hundred students learning the Russian language at Universiti Malaysia
Sabah. This study employed Gardner’s (1985) instrument as a research tool; two openended
questions about language teacher’s most and least desirable qualities were added to the
instrument. Results of the quantitative analysis of the data showed that teacherstudent
relationship is built along clearly identifiable dimensions. Qualitative analysis of the openended
questions revealed that the students’ perceptions of a “good teacher” are less culturally
bound than it has been reported in some previous studies; three most desirable for the teacher
qualities (i.e., caring/empathetic, patient, friendly) are all relationshiporiented.
Key words: teacherstudent
relationship, language teaching/learning, teacher characteristics,
culture, Asian educational context, Malaysia
Introduction
In the past two decades there has occurred a marked shift from the cognitive to the affective
realm in the field of pedagogy; issues related to teacherstudent
classroom interaction as well
as the conceptualization of a “good” teacher have gained prominence. Researchers and
educators also recognize a fact that the classroom proceedings as well as the patterns of
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teacherstudent
interaction are influenced by culture and social mores predominant within
the society where the teaching/learning takes place (Cortazzi & Jin, 1996).
The current study focuses on the language classroom and explores teacherstudent
relationship. It employs relevant frameworks developed in other academic disciplines. First
of all, considering a fact that research in the area of interpersonal relationship has been
developed in the field of social psychology “the applications of research on interpersonal
relationships is especially useful” (Hammer, 2005, p. 3). Secondly, as Oxford et al. (1998)
observed, “The classroom environment implies a set of power relationships, which are
almost always asymmetrical” (p. 6). Therefore, our study will look at the teacherstudent
relationship through the prism of the “power distance” and the “hierarchy vs. egalitarianism”
concepts developed in culture studies.
The majority of previous studies on teacherstudent
relationship involved either a generic
classroom (i.e., not related to any particular subject) or on the science and mathematics
classroom (Khine & Fisher, 2004). In the field of language pedagogy, discussion on the
teacherstudent
interpersonal relationship and the students’ expectations from their teacher
has been somewhat limited. This is especially puzzling because the language classroom
involves a much more intensive interaction between the teacher and students compared to the
lecturedelivered
lessons. The current paper intends to address this gap.
The present study is motivated by classroom needs and focuses on the language classroom
where the teacher (who is Russian) and the language learners (who are all Malaysians) do
not share the similar educational backgrounds. In this situation, an insight into the learners’
perceptions of the teacherstudents
interaction could be particularly important. The aims of
the current study are: (1) to explore dimensions in the teacherstudent
relationship as
perceived by a group of Malaysian university students, (2) to find out the most and the least
desirable qualities assigned to the language teacher by the students, and to assess the
hierarchy of these qualities, and (3) to examine whether the students’ frames of references
regarding the relationship with their language teacher and their expectations regarding the
teacher’s role are culturally bound.
This study employs both quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyze the data. Factor
analysis is used to determine the dimensions around which the students’ perceptions of their
language teachers are formed. A qualitative analysis of the openended
questions that sought
the students’ opinions of the most and the least desirable qualities of the language teacher is
carried out next. The participants in this inquiry were 100 students learning a foreign
(Russian) language at Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
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Background to the Study
Malaysia is a multiethnic
and multilingual
country with the population of approximately 28
million people. Its various ethnic groups include Malay (50.4%), Chinese (23.7%),
indigenous people (11%), Indian (7.1%), and others (7.8%). The official language of the
country is Bahasa Malaysia (the Malay language). Other widely spoken languages are
English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, and Foochow dialects),
Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Thai, Iban, Bidayuh (in the state of Sarawak), Kadazan,
and Dusun (in the state of Sabah).
In Malaysian government schools at primary and secondary levels the Malay and English
languages are compulsory subjects. Though the medium of instruction is Malay,
mathematics and science subjects are taught in English. To be admitted to a local public
university, students must undertake Malaysian University English Test (MUET) where Band
6 represents the highest level of proficiency.
The Tamil or Mandarin languages are taught in Tamil and Chinese vernacular schools,
respectively. Also, the Arabic language is taught in some schools. In the past years, the
government has been encouraging the study of Tamil, Mandarin or Arabic as a third
language in government schools. However, foreign languages are not a part of school
curriculum. This means that despite a fact that the majority of university students are fluent
in two or more languages and/or dialects, very few of them have had an experience of
learning a foreign language.
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), where this study was conducted, is a large public
university situated in the state of Sabah in East Malaysia. The study of a foreign language
(e.g., French, Japanese, Russian, Spanish) or a local language (e.g., KadazanDusun,
Tamil)
is compulsory for the UMS students who obtained Bands 4, 5, and 6 of the MUET. The
students can choose any language course offered by the university depending on the
availability. The duration of foreign language program is three semesters with three contact
hours per week.
Literature Review and the Scope of the Current Study
Conceptions of TeacherStudent
Interaction and the Cultural Context
Classroom has been described as an ecosystem, which is a part of the “larger system of the
school, which itself is a component in a wider system, comprising community and culture”;
in this complex structure, “culture is overriding” (Biggs 1998, p. 733). In a broad definition
culture includes values, beliefs, practices, and worldviews of a group of people (Ziegahn,
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2001, p. 2). Culture is both a product of a social group and the determinant of social norms
and patterns of social interaction as well as individual’s behaviours within and outside the
group.
In the context of education, researchers have pointed out that conceptions of and
approaches to teaching and learning differ among cultures (Biggs, 1998). As Cortazzi and Jin
(1996) observed, teacher’s and students’ classroom behaviour is shaped by “takenforgranted
frameworks of expectations, attitudes, values and beliefs about what constitutes good
learning, about how to teach or learn. . . and how language teaching relates to broader issues
of the nature and purpose of education” (p. 169). These “taken for granted frameworks” that
the teacher and students refer to in their interpersonal interactions are constructed by sociocultural
norms predominant within society and are described as “culture of learning”
(Cortazzi & Jin, 1996).
The present study recognizes a fact that in Asia, as anywhere else, culture in general and
culture of learning in particular are not monolithic entities. However, as Mangubhai (1997)
suggested, “… it is possible to discern certain patterns of behavior, or primary tendencies
within a cultural or subcultural
group that permit one to address learners as a group” (p. 24).
The focus of the current paper is on the Malaysian university language learners.
For the current paper, the following dimensions in cultural differences from the perspective
of interpersonal
relationship are especially pertinent: (1) “power distance”, and (2)
“hierarchy versus egalitarianism”. First of all, the concept of “power distance” (PD) was
developed by Hofstede (1984) who conducted a seminal research on the corporate culture of
a major multinational corporation (IBM) in different countries and cultural contexts. Power
dista