With rare exceptions, such as Japan, the two rankings are in the same  translation - With rare exceptions, such as Japan, the two rankings are in the same  Indonesian how to say

With rare exceptions, such as Japan




With rare exceptions, such as Japan, the two rankings are in the same descending order. The correlation between GEM and GDI is also strik-ing, although there are some exceptions to this rule: Japan shows a more serious drop in GEM than in GDI and Peru shows a stronger number in GEM than GDI. Japan has fewer opportunities for women to develop than expected from its HDI, and it has even fewer opportu-nities for women to participate in decision-making than expected from its high level of human development rating. On the other hand, Peru-vian women have a greater voice in political, social, and economic decision-making than their general development rating would suggest. Data in Table 4.1 are only for a randomly selected sample; nonetheless, it suggests a complex relationship between women and development. Globalization only increases the complexity of these relationships as societies find that they are less able to control the factors that help shape women’s development.
In the global economy, women are less prepared for the formal job market as well. They are twice victims of poverty and illiteracy; fi rst because they are disproportionately present in these groups, and second, because they have fewer means to escape from them. Out of 550 million working poor in the world, 66 percent are estimated to be women (ILO, 2004). Similarly, two-thirds of the world’s women are illiterate. Their poverty and illiteracy marginalizes them from a society that is increas-ingly dependent on accessing information through technology.
The global economy has pushed a large number of women into the service industry, including hotels, cruise lines, and home cleaning. Their migration to rich countries, following the labor trends, brings challenges not just to their personal working conditions but also to their families and communities. Aguilar believes that “the most distin-guishing mark of globalization is the unprecedented diaspora of migrant women workers from poor exploited nations to more affl uent countries of the North” (2004: 17). These women fill the needs of the global economy; however, they are unable to advance themselves because of the nature of the skills that they acquired in their home country and the lack of opportunities available to them in their country of work (Carr and Chen, 2004: 143). Since 1987, millions of Chinese women have migrated to Canada; however, their fair assimilation is yet to occur. Guida Man reveals that educated women, who would have been highly qualified for jobs in China, are not even entered into the skilled worker category after entering Canada (Man, 2004). Women of color are the lowest paid of all workers in Canada. Scholars believe that the development of skills will be necessary for women to take advantage of future economic opportunities (Man, 2004; Heyzer and Sen, 1994).
The last two decades have witnessed a noticeable increase in informal employment and women comprise a large portion of this sector. Beneria’s study of the Philippines, Thailand, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka reveals that the informal sector results in lower earnings, no consistency in work contracts, difficult work conditions, and long hours (Beneria, 2003: 116). Women are concentrated in informal, non-market activities and this work is not regarded as contributing to the national economy. Women’s role as food producers is overlooked and underval-ued as well (Hawthorne, 2004). Ironically, women are not viewed as the primary contributors to the economy, and yet they carry a heavier work burden than men. Data indicate that in comparison to their male counterparts, female workers put in an average of 107 percent more hours in the urban areas of Colombia, Indonesia, Kenya, Nepal, and Venezuela, and 120 percent in the rural areas of Bangladesh, Guate-mala, Kenya, Nepal, and the Philippines (UNDP 2004: 233). In India, Mongolia, and South Africa women are believed to put in 116 percent more hours than men (UNDP 2004: 233).
The distribution of time between market and non-market activities for women is skewed heavily towards non-market for women and towards the market for men (UNDP 2004: 233). On average, 60 percent of women are employed in the market sector and 40 percent in the non-market sector. However, in the urban areas of developing coun-tries, women spend 69 percent in non-market activities and only 31 percent in market activities. In comparison, in developing countries men spend 79 percent of their time in market activities (UNDP 2004: 233).
In summary, women continue to be marginalized and remain eco-nomically disempowered, despite their increased participation in the national and global economy and their advancing literacy rate (Gunter and van der Hoeven, 2004: 25). They remain economically underval-ued, politically silent, and socially stereotyped. The same factors that marginalized women in the industrial era and kept them excluded from their national capitalist economy are keeping them at the periphery of the global economy during the global era. Their lack of access to educa-tion coupled with their role as the primary caregiver forces them out of the formal economy, which in turn pushes them away from receiv-ing a fair market valuation. Since the global economy relies heavily on education and technology, this exclusion only intensifies over time. The impersonal nature of the global economy, in which the production is far removed from the consumer, makes their fight for better wages and working conditions even more difficult. Women become victims twice over: they are victims of inadequate resources because of preva-lent poverty and illiteracy; and they are victims of inaccessibility to the economy because of social and family obligations.
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With rare exceptions, such as Japan, the two rankings are in the same descending order. The correlation between GEM and GDI is also strik-ing, although there are some exceptions to this rule: Japan shows a more serious drop in GEM than in GDI and Peru shows a stronger number in GEM than GDI. Japan has fewer opportunities for women to develop than expected from its HDI, and it has even fewer opportu-nities for women to participate in decision-making than expected from its high level of human development rating. On the other hand, Peru-vian women have a greater voice in political, social, and economic decision-making than their general development rating would suggest. Data in Table 4.1 are only for a randomly selected sample; nonetheless, it suggests a complex relationship between women and development. Globalization only increases the complexity of these relationships as societies find that they are less able to control the factors that help shape women’s development.In the global economy, women are less prepared for the formal job market as well. They are twice victims of poverty and illiteracy; fi rst because they are disproportionately present in these groups, and second, because they have fewer means to escape from them. Out of 550 million working poor in the world, 66 percent are estimated to be women (ILO, 2004). Similarly, two-thirds of the world’s women are illiterate. Their poverty and illiteracy marginalizes them from a society that is increas-ingly dependent on accessing information through technology.Ekonomi global telah mendorong sejumlah besar perempuan ke dalam industri jasa, termasuk hotel, jalur pelayaran, dan Pembersihan rumah. Migrasi mereka ke negara-negara kaya, mengikuti tren tenaga kerja, membawa tantangan tidak hanya untuk kondisi kerja mereka pribadi, tetapi juga untuk keluarga dan masyarakat. Aguilar percaya bahwa "tanda paling distin-guishing globalisasi adalah belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya diaspora pekerja migran perempuan dari negara-negara miskin yang dieksploitasi ke lebih banyak negara uent affl Utara" (2004: 17). fill wanita ini kebutuhan ekonomi global; Namun, mereka tidak mampu untuk memajukan diri karena sifat keterampilan yang mereka peroleh di negara asal mereka dan kurangnya peluang yang tersedia bagi mereka di negara mereka kerja (Carr dan Chen, 2004:143). Sejak 1987, jutaan wanita Cina telah bermigrasi ke Kanada; Namun, asimilasi adil mereka masih belum terjadi. Petunjuk manusia mengungkapkan bahwa perempuan berpendidikan, yang pasti sangat qualified untuk pekerjaan di Cina, yang tidak bahkan dimasukkan ke dalam kategori pekerja terampil setelah memasuki Kanada (Man, 2004). Wanita warna yang terendah dibayar dari semua pekerja di Kanada. Para peneliti percaya bahwa pengembangan keterampilan akan diperlukan untuk wanita untuk mengambil keuntungan dari peluang ekonomi di masa depan (manusia, 2004; Heyzer dan Sen, 1994).Dua dekade terakhir telah menyaksikan peningkatan yang nyata dalam kerja informal dan wanita terdiri dari sebagian besar sektor ini. Studi Beneria di Filipina, Thailand, India, Pakistan, dan Sri Lanka mengungkapkan bahwa hasil sektor informal dalam menurunkan penghasilan, tidak ada konsistensi dalam kontrak kerja, kondisi kerja yang difficult dan waktu berjam-jam (Beneria, 2003:116). Perempuan terkonsentrasi dalam kegiatan informal, non-pasar dan pekerjaan ini tidak dianggap sebagai berkontribusi terhadap perekonomian nasional. Peran perempuan sebagai produsen makanan diabaikan dan underval-ued serta (Hawthorne, 2004). Ironisnya, wanita tidak dilihat sebagai kontributor utama bagi perekonomian, dan namun mereka membawa beban kerja yang lebih berat daripada laki-laki. Data menunjukkan bahwa dibandingkan dengan rekan-rekan pria mereka, pekerja perempuan menaruh dalam rata-rata 107 persen lebih jam di daerah perkotaan Kolombia, Indonesia, Kenya, Nepal, dan Venezuela, dan 120 persen di daerah pedesaan Bangladesh, Guate-mala, Kenya, Nepal dan Filipina (UNDP 2004:233). Di India, Mongolia, dan Afrika Selatan perempuan diyakini dimasukkan ke dalam jam 116 persen lebih daripada laki-laki (UNDP 2004:233).The distribution of time between market and non-market activities for women is skewed heavily towards non-market for women and towards the market for men (UNDP 2004: 233). On average, 60 percent of women are employed in the market sector and 40 percent in the non-market sector. However, in the urban areas of developing coun-tries, women spend 69 percent in non-market activities and only 31 percent in market activities. In comparison, in developing countries men spend 79 percent of their time in market activities (UNDP 2004: 233).In summary, women continue to be marginalized and remain eco-nomically disempowered, despite their increased participation in the national and global economy and their advancing literacy rate (Gunter and van der Hoeven, 2004: 25). They remain economically underval-ued, politically silent, and socially stereotyped. The same factors that marginalized women in the industrial era and kept them excluded from their national capitalist economy are keeping them at the periphery of the global economy during the global era. Their lack of access to educa-tion coupled with their role as the primary caregiver forces them out of the formal economy, which in turn pushes them away from receiv-ing a fair market valuation. Since the global economy relies heavily on education and technology, this exclusion only intensifies over time. The impersonal nature of the global economy, in which the production is far removed from the consumer, makes their fight for better wages and working conditions even more difficult. Women become victims twice over: they are victims of inadequate resources because of preva-lent poverty and illiteracy; and they are victims of inaccessibility to the economy because of social and family obligations.
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Dengan pengecualian langka, seperti Jepang, dua peringkat dalam urutan menurun yang sama. Korelasi antara GEM dan GDI juga Strik-ing, meskipun ada beberapa pengecualian untuk aturan ini: Jepang menunjukkan penurunan yang lebih serius di GEM daripada di GDI dan Peru menunjukkan sejumlah kuat di GEM dari GDI. Jepang memiliki lebih sedikit peluang bagi perempuan untuk mengembangkan dari yang diharapkan dari HDI-nya, dan memiliki lebih sedikit opportu-nities bagi perempuan untuk berpartisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan dari yang diharapkan dari tingkat tinggi dari pembangunan manusia. Di sisi lain, perempuan Peru-vian memiliki suara lebih besar dalam politik, sosial, dan ekonomi pengambilan keputusan dari rating pembangunan umum mereka akan menyarankan. Data pada Tabel 4.1 hanya untuk sampel yang dipilih secara acak; Meskipun demikian, hal itu menunjukkan hubungan yang kompleks antara perempuan dan pembangunan. Globalisasi hanya meningkatkan kompleksitas hubungan ini sebagai masyarakat mendapati bahwa mereka kurang mampu mengontrol faktor-faktor yang membantu perkembangan bentuk perempuan.
Dalam ekonomi global, perempuan kurang siap untuk pasar kerja formal juga. Mereka adalah korban dua kali dari kemiskinan dan buta huruf; pertama-tama karena mereka tidak proporsional hadir dalam kelompok-kelompok ini, dan kedua, karena mereka memiliki lebih sedikit cara untuk melarikan diri dari mereka. Dari 550 juta pekerja miskin di dunia, 66 persen diperkirakan perempuan (ILO, 2004). Demikian pula, dua-pertiga dari perempuan di dunia buta huruf. Kemiskinan dan buta huruf mereka meminggirkan mereka dari masyarakat yang semakin meningkat-ingly tergantung pada mengakses informasi melalui teknologi.
Ekonomi global telah mendorong sejumlah besar perempuan ke dalam industri jasa, termasuk hotel, jalur pelayaran, dan pembersih rumah. Migrasi mereka ke negara-negara kaya, mengikuti tren tenaga kerja, membawa tantangan tidak hanya untuk kondisi kerja pribadi mereka tetapi juga untuk keluarga dan komunitas mereka. Aguilar percaya bahwa "tanda paling Distin-guishing globalisasi adalah diaspora belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dari para pekerja migran perempuan dari negara-negara miskin untuk dieksploitasi lebih af fl fasih berbahasa negara-negara Utara" (2004: 17). Wanita-wanita ini fi ll kebutuhan ekonomi global; Namun, mereka tidak mampu untuk memajukan diri karena sifat dari keterampilan yang mereka peroleh di negara asal mereka dan kurangnya kesempatan yang tersedia bagi mereka di negara mereka bekerja (Carr dan Chen, 2004: 143). Sejak tahun 1987, jutaan perempuan Cina telah bermigrasi ke Kanada; Namun, asimilasi wajar belum terjadi. Guida Man ​​mengungkapkan bahwa perempuan yang berpendidikan, yang akan menjadi sangat menyebutkan statusnya fi kasi untuk pekerjaan di China, bahkan tidak masuk ke dalam kategori pekerja terampil setelah memasuki Kanada (Man, 2004). Perempuan warna adalah yang terendah dibayar dari seluruh pekerja di Kanada. Sarjana percaya bahwa pengembangan keterampilan akan diperlukan bagi perempuan untuk memanfaatkan peluang ekonomi di masa depan (Man, 2004; Heyzer dan Sen, 1994).
Dalam dua dekade terakhir telah menyaksikan peningkatan yang nyata dalam pekerjaan informal dan wanita terdiri dari sebagian besar sektor ini. Studi Beneria murah dari Filipina, Thailand, India, Pakistan, dan Sri Lanka mengungkapkan bahwa hasil sektor informal dalam pendapatan yang lebih rendah, tidak ada konsistensi dalam kontrak kerja, kondisi kerja fi kultus dif, dan jam kerja yang panjang (Beneria, 2003: 116). Perempuan terkonsentrasi informal, kegiatan non-pasar dan pekerjaan ini tidak dianggap sebagai kontribusi bagi perekonomian nasional. Peran perempuan sebagai produsen makanan yang terlupakan dan underval-UED juga (Hawthorne, 2004). Ironisnya, perempuan tidak dipandang sebagai kontributor utama bagi perekonomian, namun mereka membawa beban kerja lebih berat daripada laki-laki. Data menunjukkan bahwa dibandingkan dengan rekan-rekan pria mereka, pekerja perempuan dimasukkan ke dalam rata-rata jam 107 persen lebih banyak di daerah perkotaan dari Kolombia, Indonesia, Kenya, Nepal, dan Venezuela, dan 120 persen di daerah pedesaan Bangladesh, Guate-mala , Kenya, Nepal, dan Filipina (UNDP 2004: 233). Di India, Mongolia, dan Afrika Selatan wanita yang diyakini dimasukkan ke dalam 116 persen jam lebih dari laki-laki (UNDP 2004: 233).
Distribusi waktu antara kegiatan pasar dan non-pasar untuk perempuan miring berat terhadap non-pasar untuk wanita dan menuju pasar untuk pria (UNDP 2004: 233). Rata-rata, 60 persen wanita yang bekerja di sektor pasar dan 40 persen di sektor non-pasar. Namun, di daerah perkotaan mengembangkan coun-mencoba, wanita menghabiskan 69 persen dalam kegiatan non-pasar dan hanya 31 persen dalam aktivitas pasar. Sebagai perbandingan, di negara-negara berkembang pria menghabiskan 79 persen dari waktu mereka dalam kegiatan pasar (UNDP 2004: 233).
Singkatnya, wanita terus terpinggirkan dan tetap eco-nomically berdaya, meskipun partisipasi mereka meningkat dalam perekonomian nasional dan global dan mereka memajukan tingkat melek huruf (Gunter dan van der Hoeven, 2004: 25). Mereka tetap underval-UED ekonomi, politik diam, dan stereotip sosial. Faktor yang sama yang meminggirkan perempuan di era industri dan membuat mereka dikeluarkan dari ekonomi kapitalis nasional mereka adalah menjaga mereka di pinggiran ekonomi global selama era global. Kurangnya akses ke edu-tion ditambah dengan peran mereka sebagai pengasuh utama memaksa mereka keluar dari ekonomi formal, yang pada gilirannya mendorong mereka dari receiver-ing valuasi pasar yang wajar. Karena ekonomi global sangat bergantung pada pendidikan dan teknologi, pengecualian ini hanya intensi fi es dari waktu ke waktu. Sifat impersonal ekonomi global, di mana produksi tersebut jauh dari konsumen, membuat fi GHT mereka untuk upah yang lebih baik dan kondisi kerja yang lebih sulit. Perempuan menjadi korban dua kali lebih: mereka adalah korban dari kurangnya sumber daya karena preva-dipinjamkan kemiskinan dan buta huruf; dan mereka adalah korban dari tidak dapat diaksesnya terhadap perekonomian karena kewajiban sosial dan keluarga.
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