However, the 18th to 19th centuries saw the rise of yet another Chinese tradition that would once again transform the Japanese art world: literati painting (bunjinga), sometimes known as the Southern Tradition (nanga). First developed in China by theorists like Dong Qichang (1555-1636), this tradition emphasized scholar-amateur painting that served foremost as a means for self-cultivation, as opposed to painting by professional artists that was done for profit. Japanese advocates for literati painting such as Nakabayashi Chikutō (1776-1853) and his student Okura Ryūzan (1784-1850) criticized the professional quality of Nagasaki-school paintings, and proposed instead adherence to the scholarly ideal of painting for personal expression of one’s inner character, done by an elite circle of highly educated sophisticates. Of special note in this exhibition is a superb landscape by Okura Ryüzan that is a promised gift from noted Seattle collector Griffith Way. This painting, done in the manner of Wen Zhengming, makes for a fascinating comparison with Clearing After Snowfall Along the River.