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Turner (2009) menyatakan bahwa untuk mempercepat pengiriman produk baru, sangat penting bahwa praktek-praktek manajemen proyek yang baru diperkenalkan dalam organisasi. Ini termasuk perubahan budaya organisasi dan penggunaan teknologi baru serta proses yang berfokus pada kualitas penyerahan proyek. Dalam kerangka teoritis yang diusulkan untuk kertas ini, disarankan bahwa budaya, teknologi dan proses mungkin mempengaruhi praktek manajemen proyek dalam organisasi yang pada gilirannya mempengaruhi kesempatan untuk keberhasilan proyek (Lihat gambar 4).Budaya adalah masalah paling penting dalam proyek-proyek internasional seperti yang dinyatakan oleh Turner (2009). Dimensi budaya perbedaan menurut Turner (2009) meliputi:• Ketidakpastian penghindaran• Power jarak• Individualisme• Maskulinitas• Peran waktu• Pertimbangan detailTurner (2009) menunjukkan bahwa manajer proyek yang sesuai dan anggota tim proyek harus dipilih untuk mengakomodasi perbedaan budaya di proyek internasional. Gaya kepemimpinan yang tepat, metode kerja, bahasa yang sesuai, dan lintas-perbatasan pelatih juga harus diterapkan dalam mengelola proyek internasional dengan budaya yang berbeda (Turner 2009).The proposed theoretical model for this paper suggests that the culture is important to most project environments and not just international projects. This is supported by Kendra and Taplin (2004), who state that the alignment of organizational cultural values with project management values enables the organization to successfully adopt project management as a new work method for improved project success.A process in a project environment is known as a structured set of activities designed to accomplish a specific organization’s objective. A process has several defined inputs and turns them into defined outputs which are the deliverables of a project (OGC 2009). There are two versions of process (Turner 2009; PMI, 2008):• Process derived from the work of Henri Fayol: plan, organize, implement and control.• Process according to the PMBOK: initiate, plan, organize, execute, control and close.The notion of process is similar to the phases in project lifecycle and the management of process has a significant impact on project success. Thus, process is one of the three key factors that affect the project environment and, in turn, project success in the proposed theoretical model.Turner (2009) argues that good project management can be achieved by achieving a balance between the different areas of technology as well as between technology and culture (people, system and organization). In most projects, the project manager should be viewed as the person possessing an understanding of the technology rather than a command of the technology. Good project management practices emphasize a cooperative working relationship between the project manager and the technical experts from the line management (Kerzner 2009).
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