Results (
Vietnamese) 1:
[Copy]Copied!
I. INTRODUCTIONIn the last decades there has been a growing concern about the industry dependence on petroleum and its derivates. The stability of that market is under analysis, taking into account the price of crude oil (around 18¢/lb), more than a 150% increase from 1985 to 2007 (Zhang et al., 2007). New green technologies have to be developed assuring the use of renewable resources as an alternative to petrochemical products. The epoxidation of oils is a well known technique used in the production of binders, coatings, adhesives and sealants. It is also possible to hydroxylate the epoxidized oil resulting in a polyol structure, a process that has been recently introduced for use in polyurethane foams, reducing the environmental impact (Paster et al., 2003).In this context, bio-polyols can be obtained from agricultural products like vegetable oils, wood, carbohydrates (cellulose and starch) and lignine (Latere et al., 2005). Oleochemical polyols are a great alternative for the polyurethane industry in applications where hydrofobicity, hardness, flexibility, and mechanical and chemical resistance are needed: foams, coatings and floorings (Höfer et al., 1997). Although most triglycerides contain unsaturations, few oils naturally contain other groups. Therefore, it is necessary to perform the hydroxylation of double bounds through one of four main approaches (Guo and Petrović, 2005; Latere et al., 2005): a) epoxidation followed by the ring-opening, almost secondary hydroxyl groups are generated; b) Hydroformylation and reduction of aldehydes oils; c) Transesterification with different polyols; d) Microbial or enzymatic conversion. It is always desirable to obtain the highest conversion in the preparation of polyols because of the requirements for polyurethane rigid foams (hydroxyl numbers above 300 mg KOH/g) (Guo and Petrović, 2005; Vilar, 2004); for that reason most investigations are focused to increase hydroxyl numbers to improve functionality values. The average molecular weight of oleochemical polyols obtained by this way is between 250 and 2500; due to the low viscosity and good compatibility with methyl-di(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), these polyols are particularly useful to produce PU rigid foams (Hill, 2000). The value has increased more than twice since the price of soybean crude oil is 28 ¢/lb (Zhang et al., 2007) while epoxidized soybean oil is about 48 - 1 US$/lb (Paster et al., 2003) with a growing market of ~70 000 ton/year (Rangarajan et al., 1995). The aggregate value of PU foams is even higher, reaching prices up to 3 US$ (Paster et al., 2003; Burridge, 2003).
Being translated, please wait..
