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oxygen, which interferes with respiration at the level of electron
transport. The lack of a suitable electron acceptor leads to
saturated redox chains, accumulation of NAD(P)H, and a
decline in the generation of ATP [2–5]. In plant cells, the
oxidative stress reactions are associated with toxic free radicals
from the reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide
radicals (O2
−), singlet oxygen (•O2), hydroxyl radicals
(•OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The toxic radicals
can be removed through the mobilization of antioxidant reserves,
which react both enzymatically and chemically with
the toxic molecular species and their products. Chemical
constituents have been identified that scavenge free radicals
and thus protect active plant cells against oxygen toxicity
[6–8]. To counter the hazardous effects of ROS under stress,
plants have evolved a complex antioxidative defense system
composed of both antioxidant enzymes and metabolites such
as APX, CAT, SOD, GR, ASA, GSH, GSSG and Vitamin E
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