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Electrochemical stripping techniques are recognized aspowerful tools for trace heavy metal detection due to theirunique ability to preconcentrate target metals during theaccumulation step, most commonly potentiostatically asamalgams on the mercury electrode [1]. In certain cases,where the analyte reacts irreversibly, forms intermetalliccompounds or cannot form an amalgam (e.g., Co, Ni),the adsorptive stripping protocol is proposed, whereby acomplexing reagent, usually dimethylglyoxime (DMG) isadded to the measuring solution, forming a complex withthe target metal, which is subsequently adsorbed onto theelectrode, commonly a mercury film or mercury drop[2–8]. There are also reports in which the electrode ismodified with a complexing reagent, e.g.,DMG,allowingthe target metal to be simultaneously complexed and accumulatedonto the electrode [9,10]. Following the accumulationstep, the adsorbed metal complex is stripped offthe electrode surface either voltammetrically or chronopotentiometrically.The most notable advantages of thechronopotentiometric mode are signal independence ofthe electrode surface, detection in the presence of someelectroactive organic compounds, lower backgroundcontributions, and analysis in solutions with lower ionicstrength [11–13].In the last five decades, despite its well-known toxicity,different mercury electrodes have been widely usedin stripping analysis. There were several reports suggestingthe replacement of mercury with some other
materials, e.g., gold, platinum, iridium, different modifications
of carbon and others, but none of them approached
the favorable electrochemical behavior of
mercury [14,15]. Recently, we demonstrated the very
attractive electrochemical characteristics of bismuth,
which compare favorably with mercury analogues
regarding anodic stripping voltammetric and stripping
chronopotentiometric determination of some trace
heavy metals [16–21]. In addition, carbon paste electrodes
modified with bismuth film, in connection to
stripping voltammetry, were also studied [22,23]. Wang
and Lu [24] also report on adsorptive stripping voltammetric
detection of trace nickel.
In the present article, we first report on the simultaneous
detection of trace cobalt and nickel using BiFE,
which represents a promising replacement for toxic
mercury electrodes. We employed adsorptive stripping
constant current chronopotentiometric and adsorptive
stripping voltammetric protocol, with DMG acting as
complexing reagent. A comparison with the mercury
counterpart is also given.
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