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Some of the earliest computer systems used separate memories for programs anddata. Later, most architects adopted a Von Neumann architecture† in which a singlememory holds both programs and data.Interestingly, the advent of specialized solid state memory technologies has reintroducedthe separation of program and data memory — special-purpose systems sometimesuse separate memories. Memory used to hold a program is known as instructionstore, and memory used to hold data is known as data store.One of the motivations for a separate instruction store comes from the notion ofmemory hierarchy: on many systems, an instruction store needs higher performancethan a data store. To understand why, observe that high-speed instructions are designedto operate on values in general-purpose registers rather than values in memory. Thus,many instructions do not use the data store. Furthermore, an instruction is accessed oneach iteration of the fetch-execute cycle. Thus, the instruction store experiences moreactivity than the data store. We can summarize:
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