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Article 4, Chapter 2, United Nations CharterThe name “United Nations”, coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the “Declaration by United Nations” of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nationspledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers. States firstestablishedinternational organizations to cooperateonspecific matters.In 1899,the International Peace Conference washeldin the Hague to elaborate instruments for settling crises peacefully, preventing wars and codifying rules of warfare. It adopted the Convention for the Pacific Settlementof InternationalDisputesandestablished the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began work in 1902. The forerunner of theUnited Nations was theLeagueofNations,an organization conceivedinsimilar circumstances duringtheFirstWorld War, and established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles “to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security”. The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent the Second World War.In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to the Unit ed Nations Charter. The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through internationalcooperation and collective security.Today,nearlyeverynationin the world belongs to the UN: membership now totals 189 countries. AllUN Member States are representedin theGeneral Assembly —a kind of parliament of nations, which meetstoconsidertheworld’smostpressing problems. Each Member Statehasone vote. Decisionson “important matters”, such as international peace and security, ad- 233mitting new members, the UN budget and the budget for peacekeep ing, are decided by two-thirdsmajority. Other matters are decided by simple majority. In recent years, a special effort has been made to reach decisions through consensus, rather than by taking a formal vote.The Assembly holds its annual regular session from September to December. When necessary, it may resume its session, or hold a special or emergency session on subjects of particular concern. When the Assemblyis not meeting, its six main committees,other subsidiarybodiesand the UN Secretariat carry out its work.
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