Systems should be in place to test membranes routinely for any potential integrity breaches that could lead to a significant contamination event.
Use of Double pass RO membranes should be considered as an added assurance of the maintenance of the quality of the water produced.
Additional techniques to be considered
Coupled with these further techniques post RO membrane should be considered such as nanofiltrationl, electro-deionisatlon and ultra-filtration (known to have an endotoxin reducing capability),
Microfiltration(MF)/ultrafiltration(UF) offers advantages in that it can remove microorganisms, which are sometimes very difficult to remove by standard techniques. The MF/UF membranes should be made from a chlorine-resistant material to withstand periodic sanitisation.