A common question many people ask is “why are there so many different  translation - A common question many people ask is “why are there so many different  Thai how to say

A common question many people ask i

A common question many people ask is “why are there so many different types of
computer memory?” The answer is that new technologies continue to be introduced
in an attempt to match the improvements in CPU design—the speed of
memory has to, somewhat, keep pace with the CPU, or the memory becomes a
bottleneck. Although we have seen many improvements in CPUs over the past
few years, improving main memory to keep pace with the CPU is actually not as
critical because of the use of cache memory. Cache memory is a small, highspeed
(and thus high-cost) type of memory that serves as a buffer for frequently
accessed data. The additional expense of using very fast technologies for memory
cannot always be justified because slower memories can often be “hidden” by
high-performance cache systems. However, before we discuss cache memory, we
will explain the various memory technologies.
Even though a large number of memory technologies exist, there are only two
basic types of memory: RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read-only
memory). RAM is somewhat of a misnomer; a more appropriate name is readwrite
memory. RAM is the memory to which computer specifications refer; if
you buy a computer with 128 megabytes of memory, it has 128MB of RAM.
RAM is also the “main memory” we have continually referred to throughout this
book. Often called primary memory, RAM is used to store programs and data that
the computer needs when executing programs; but RAM is volatile, and loses this
information once the power is turned off. There are two general types of chips
used to build the bulk of RAM memory in today’s computers: SRAM and DRAM
(static and dynamic random access memory).
Dynamic RAM is constructed of tiny capacitors that leak electricity. DRAM
requires a recharge every few milliseconds to maintain its data. Static RAM technology,
in contrast, holds its contents as long as power is available. SRAM consists
of circuits similar to the D flip-flops we studied in Chapter 3. SRAM is
faster and much more expensive than DRAM; however, designers use DRAM
because it is much denser (can store many bits per chip), uses less power, and
generates less heat than SRAM. For these reasons, both technologies are often
used in combination: DRAM for main memory and SRAM for cache. The basic
operation of all DRAM memories is the same, but there are many flavors, including
Multibank DRAM (MDRAM), Fast-Page Mode (FPM) DRAM, Extended
Data Out (EDO) DRAM, Burst EDO DRAM (BEDO DRAM), Synchronous
Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Synchronous-Link (SL) DRAM,
Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM, and Direct Rambus (DR) DRAM. The different
types of SRAM include asynchronous SRAM, synchronous SRAM, and
pipeline burst SRAM. For more information about these types of memory, refer
to the references listed at the end of the chapter.
In addition to RAM, most computers contain a small amount of ROM (readonly
memory) that stores critical information necessary to operate the system,
such as the program necessary to boot the computer. ROM is not volatile and
always retains its data. This type of memory is also used in embedded systems or
any systems where the programming does not need to change. Many appliances,
toys, and most automobiles use ROM chips to maintain information when the
power is shut off. ROMs are also used extensively in calculators and peripheral
devices such as laser printers, which store their fonts in ROMs. There are five
basic different types of ROM: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash
memory. PROM (programmable read-only memory) is a variation on ROM.
PROMs can be programmed by the user with the appropriate equipment. Whereas
ROMs are hardwired, PROMs have fuses that can be blown to program the chip.
Once programmed, the data and instructions in PROM cannot be changed.
EPROM (erasable PROM) is programmable with the added advantage of being
reprogrammable (erasing an EPROM requires a special tool that emits ultraviolet
light). To reprogram an EPROM, the entire chip must first be erased. EEPROM
(electrically erasable PROM) removes many of the disadvantages of EPROM: no
special tools are required for erasure (this is performed by applying an electric
field) and you can erase only portions of the chip, one byte at a time. Flash memory
is essentially EEPROM with the added benefit that data can be written or
erased in blocks, removing the one-byte-at-a-time limitation. This makes flash
memory faster than EEPROM.
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A common question many people ask is “why are there so many different types ofcomputer memory?” The answer is that new technologies continue to be introducedin an attempt to match the improvements in CPU design—the speed ofmemory has to, somewhat, keep pace with the CPU, or the memory becomes abottleneck. Although we have seen many improvements in CPUs over the pastfew years, improving main memory to keep pace with the CPU is actually not ascritical because of the use of cache memory. Cache memory is a small, highspeed(and thus high-cost) type of memory that serves as a buffer for frequentlyaccessed data. The additional expense of using very fast technologies for memorycannot always be justified because slower memories can often be “hidden” byhigh-performance cache systems. However, before we discuss cache memory, wewill explain the various memory technologies.Even though a large number of memory technologies exist, there are only twobasic types of memory: RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read-onlymemory). RAM is somewhat of a misnomer; a more appropriate name is readwritememory. RAM is the memory to which computer specifications refer; ifyou buy a computer with 128 megabytes of memory, it has 128MB of RAM.RAM is also the “main memory” we have continually referred to throughout thisbook. Often called primary memory, RAM is used to store programs and data thatthe computer needs when executing programs; but RAM is volatile, and loses thisข้อมูลเมื่อพลังงานถูกปิด มีอยู่สองชนิดทั่วไปของชิใช้ในการสร้างกลุ่มของหน่วยความจำ RAM ในคอมพิวเตอร์วันนี้: SRAM และ DRAM(แบบสแตติก และไดนามิกหน่วยความจำเข้าถึงโดยสุ่ม)RAM แบบไดนามิกจะสร้างของตัวเก็บประจุขนาดเล็กที่ไฟฟ้ารั่วไหล DRAMต้องมีการเติมพลังให้ทุกมิลลิวินาทีน้อยเพื่อรักษาข้อมูล เทคโนโลยี RAM คงมีเนื้อหาตรงกันข้าม ตราบใดที่อำนาจมี ประกอบด้วย SRAMวงจรคล้ายกับรองเท้าแตะสำหรับ D เราศึกษาในบทที่ 3 มี SRAMเร็ว และมากแพงกว่า DRAM อย่างไรก็ตาม นักออกแบบใช้ DRAMเนื่องจากเป็น denser มาก (สามารถเก็บหลายบิตต่อชิพ), ใช้พลังงานน้อยกว่า และสร้างความร้อนน้อยกว่า SRAM ด้วยเหตุนี้ เทคโนโลยีทั้งสองมักใช้ร่วม: DRAM สำหรับหน่วยความจำหลักและ SRAM สำหรับแคช พื้นฐานความทรงจำ DRAM ทั้งหมดที่ดำเนินการอยู่เหมือนกัน แต่มีรสชาติมากมาย รวมถึงMultibank (MDRAM), DRAM DRAM โหมดหน้าอย่างรวดเร็ว (FPM) ขยายข้อมูลออก DRAM (เอโดะ) ระเบิดเอโดะ DRAM (BEDO DRAM), ซิงโครนัสไดนามิกหน่วยความจำเข้าถึงโดยสุ่ม (SDRAM), DRAM แบบซิงโครนัสการเชื่อมโยง (SL)ข้อมูลคู่ราคา SDRAM (DDR) และตรง Rambus DRAM (DR) ที่แตกต่างกันชนิดของ SRAM มี SRAM แบบอะซิงโครนัส SRAM แบบซิงโครนัส และตอนระเบิด SRAM สำหรับข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับชนิดของหน่วยความจำเหล่านี้การอ้างอิงอยู่ท้ายบทนอกจาก RAM คอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนใหญ่ประกอบด้วยจำนวน ROM (อ่านเล็กน้อยหน่วยความจำ) ที่เก็บข้อมูลที่สำคัญจำเป็นต้องมีระบบเช่นโปรแกรมที่จำเป็นต้องเริ่มระบบคอมพิวเตอร์ ROM ไม่ระเหย และจะเก็บข้อมูล หน่วยความจำชนิดนี้ยังใช้ในระบบฝังตัว หรือระบบใด ๆ ที่เขียนโปรแกรมที่ไม่จำเป็นต้องเปลี่ยน เครื่องใช้ไฟฟ้ามากมายของเล่น และรถยนต์ส่วนใหญ่ใช้รอมอบเพื่อรักษาข้อมูลเมื่อการพลังงานถูกปิด ส่านยังใช้อย่างกว้างขวาง ในเครื่องคิดเลข และอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วงอุปกรณ์เช่นเครื่องพิมพ์เลเซอร์ ที่เก็บของแบบอักษรในส่าน มีห้าพื้นฐานชนิดของ ROM: ROM พรหม EPROM, EEPROM และแฟลชหน่วยความจำ พรหม (โปรแกรมรอม) เป็นรูปแบบใน ROM.คอนเสิร์ตพร็อมส์สามารถตั้งโปรแกรม โดยผู้ใช้อุปกรณ์ที่เหมาะสม ในขณะที่ส่านเดินสาย ฟิวส์ที่สามารถพัดเป็นโปรแกรมชิพมีคอนเสิร์ตพร็อมส์เมื่อโปรแกรม ข้อมูลและคำแนะนำในพรหมได้EPROM (erasable พรหม) เป็นโปรแกรมที่ มีประโยชน์เพิ่มของreprogrammable (ลบ EPROM ต้องใช้เครื่องมือพิเศษที่ emits รังสีอัลตราไวโอเลตแสง) การ reprogram เป็น EPROM ชิพทั้งหมดต้องแรกจะถูกลบออกไป EEPROM(electrically erasable พรหม) เอามากมายข้อเสียของ EPROM: ไม่เครื่องมือพิเศษจำเป็นสำหรับ (ซึ่งดำเนินการ โดยใช้ไฟฟ้าปลอดภัยฟิลด์) และคุณสามารถลบเฉพาะบางส่วนของชิป ไบต์หนึ่งครั้ง หน่วยความจำแฟลชมี EEPROM หลักกับผลประโยชน์ที่สามารถเขียนข้อมูล หรือลบในบล็อก ลบหนึ่งไบต์ที่ที่เวลา ทำแฟลชหน่วยความจำเร็วกว่า EEPROM
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A common question many people ask is “why are there so many different types of
computer memory?” The answer is that new technologies continue to be introduced
in an attempt to match the improvements in CPU design—the speed of
memory has to, somewhat, keep pace with the CPU, or the memory becomes a
bottleneck. Although we have seen many improvements in CPUs over the past
few years, improving main memory to keep pace with the CPU is actually not as
critical because of the use of cache memory. Cache memory is a small, highspeed
(and thus high-cost) type of memory that serves as a buffer for frequently
accessed data. The additional expense of using very fast technologies for memory
cannot always be justified because slower memories can often be “hidden” by
high-performance cache systems. However, before we discuss cache memory, we
will explain the various memory technologies.
Even though a large number of memory technologies exist, there are only two
basic types of memory: RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read-only
memory). RAM is somewhat of a misnomer; a more appropriate name is readwrite
memory. RAM is the memory to which computer specifications refer; if
you buy a computer with 128 megabytes of memory, it has 128MB of RAM.
RAM is also the “main memory” we have continually referred to throughout this
book. Often called primary memory, RAM is used to store programs and data that
the computer needs when executing programs; but RAM is volatile, and loses this
information once the power is turned off. There are two general types of chips
used to build the bulk of RAM memory in today’s computers: SRAM and DRAM
(static and dynamic random access memory).
Dynamic RAM is constructed of tiny capacitors that leak electricity. DRAM
requires a recharge every few milliseconds to maintain its data. Static RAM technology,
in contrast, holds its contents as long as power is available. SRAM consists
of circuits similar to the D flip-flops we studied in Chapter 3. SRAM is
faster and much more expensive than DRAM; however, designers use DRAM
because it is much denser (can store many bits per chip), uses less power, and
generates less heat than SRAM. For these reasons, both technologies are often
used in combination: DRAM for main memory and SRAM for cache. The basic
operation of all DRAM memories is the same, but there are many flavors, including
Multibank DRAM (MDRAM), Fast-Page Mode (FPM) DRAM, Extended
Data Out (EDO) DRAM, Burst EDO DRAM (BEDO DRAM), Synchronous
Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Synchronous-Link (SL) DRAM,
Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM, and Direct Rambus (DR) DRAM. The different
types of SRAM include asynchronous SRAM, synchronous SRAM, and
pipeline burst SRAM. For more information about these types of memory, refer
to the references listed at the end of the chapter.
In addition to RAM, most computers contain a small amount of ROM (readonly
memory) that stores critical information necessary to operate the system,
such as the program necessary to boot the computer. ROM is not volatile and
always retains its data. This type of memory is also used in embedded systems or
any systems where the programming does not need to change. Many appliances,
toys, and most automobiles use ROM chips to maintain information when the
power is shut off. ROMs are also used extensively in calculators and peripheral
devices such as laser printers, which store their fonts in ROMs. There are five
basic different types of ROM: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash
memory. PROM (programmable read-only memory) is a variation on ROM.
PROMs can be programmed by the user with the appropriate equipment. Whereas
ROMs are hardwired, PROMs have fuses that can be blown to program the chip.
Once programmed, the data and instructions in PROM cannot be changed.
EPROM (erasable PROM) is programmable with the added advantage of being
reprogrammable (erasing an EPROM requires a special tool that emits ultraviolet
light). To reprogram an EPROM, the entire chip must first be erased. EEPROM
(electrically erasable PROM) removes many of the disadvantages of EPROM: no
special tools are required for erasure (this is performed by applying an electric
field) and you can erase only portions of the chip, one byte at a time. Flash memory
is essentially EEPROM with the added benefit that data can be written or
erased in blocks, removing the one-byte-at-a-time limitation. This makes flash
memory faster than EEPROM.
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