Sediment and sands are reservoirs f

Sediment and sands are reservoirs for many fungal pathogens. Given the burden of fungal illness worldwide, efforts are needed to document risks associated with sediment and sand contact. Areas of particular concern include public places that encourage children's contact with sand. The unique play activities of children put them at increased risk due to potential exposures through skin, ingestion, and inhalation. This chapter summarizes data needs in terms of the basic components of risk assessment, including hazard identification, exposure, dose–response, and risk characterization. A literature review of fungi detection in public parks, sandpits, and beach sands found that the most commonly detected fungal pathogens included species of Aspergillus, Candida,Chrysosporium, Cryptococcus, Microsporum, Penicillium, Trichophyton, andTrichosporon. Risk estimations would benefit from a review and analysis of dose–response data for these fungi as well as studies that evaluate the influence of abrasions and wounds on the adherence and uptake of fungi on the skin. Risk assessment would also benefit from improved exposure assessments through the documentation of children's play behaviors when in contact with sediment and sand. Given the definition of acceptable risk levels, which would depend upon the severity of the disease, allowable levels of fungi can be then computed to establish guidelines for sand fungal levels in public areas or recommendations for human conduct during and after play activities.

Results (English) 3:

泥沙和砂是许多真菌病原体的储集层。鉴于世界范围内的真菌疾病的负担，需要努力与泥沙和泥沙接触相关的风险。特别关注的领域包括鼓励儿童接触的公共场所。儿童独特的游戏活动，使他们在增加的风险，由于潜在的风险，通过皮肤，摄入，吸入。本章总结了数据需求的基本组成部分的风险评估，包括危害识别，曝光，剂量-反应，风险表征。文献综述在公共公园，真菌检测的沙坑，和沙滩发现最常用的检测病原真菌包括霉菌，念珠菌，隐球菌菌物种，犬小孢子菌，毛癣菌，青霉菌，andtrichosporon。风险估计会从剂量–响应数据的这些真菌以及研究评估擦伤伤口，皮肤上的附着和吸收真菌影响的回顾和分析效益。风险评估也将受益于改进的曝光评估，通过儿童的游戏行为时，在接触泥沙和沙子的文件。给出了可接受的风险水平的定义，这将取决于疾病的严重程度，允许的真菌水平，然后计算，建立在公共领域中的真菌水平的指导方针和建议的人进行期间和之后的游戏活动。