contributing to process efficacy are elevated temperatures, effective hydrolytic enzyme
production and high residual substrate affinities. Enhanced temperature clearly implies the
need to use thermophiles exhibiting high metabolic rates that permit autothermal
operation for process mediation. In heat inactivation, process temperature and time are
inversely linked as far as inactivation is concerned, so that guaranteed minimum process
residence times, with no possibilities of either material bypassing or cool spot (frequently
head space) segregation, are absolute requirements that depend on both process equipment
and operating system design.