The Republic is arguably the most popular and most widely taught of Pl translation - The Republic is arguably the most popular and most widely taught of Pl Chinese how to say

The Republic is arguably the most p

The Republic is arguably the most popular and most widely taught of Plato's writings. Although it contains its dramatic moments and it employs certain literary devices, it is not a play, a novel, a story; it is not, in a strict sense, an essay. It is a kind of extended conversation that embraces a central argument, an argument that is advanced by the proponent of the argument, Socrates. The Republic may be seen as a kind of debate, a fitting description for most of the Dialogues。 It is Plato's intent in this dialogue to establish, philosophically, the ideal state, a state that would stand as a model for all emerging or existing societies currently functioning during Plato's time and extending into our own times. And we are to infer that any proposed changes in the policy of effecting justice in any state would have to meet the criteria of the ideal state: the Republic.

Since its first appearance, the Republic has traditionally been published in ten books, probably from its having been so divided into ten "books" in its manuscript form. In order to clarify its argument, this Note further subdivides those ten books in its discussion.The Socratic Method

Socrates' method of engaging conversations with his fellow citizens has come to be known in history as the Socratic Dialectic or the Socratic Method, and its method of pursuing a given truth is still adopted by many university and public school teachers to the present day. It is the method that Plato adopted for the Republic and for all of his Dialogues (conversations).

Socrates' (and Plato's) method of opening a dialogue is in almost every instance to pose a question of meaning (to ask for a definition of a term or terms for the sake of forming up a logical argument). For example, Socrates might ask at the outset of a dialogue: "If you claim to be an honest man, how would you define honesty?" Or he might ask a person who claimed to be virtuous for a definition of virtue, or a person who claimed to be courageous for a definition of courage. And then Socrates might ask for examples of courageous, or virtuous, or honest behavior; or he might ask for analogues (things similar) to those things. Thus Socrates conversed with the young men of Athens, young men who were apparently disenchanted with their teachers whom their parents had hired and who apparently did not know as much as Socrates knew.

But Socrates, who some claimed to be the wisest man, claimed to know nothing except that every person should carefully determine what he thinks he knows. He said that the unexamined life is not worth living. He taught that men claimed to come to wisdom through poetry and argument and music, when it was plain that they did not even know what they were doing. And he also taught that politicians claimed to serve justice and to sit in judgment on their fellow citizens when at the same time those same politicians and "leaders" of the state could not even define justice and might, in fact, be said to be culpable (guilty) of certain injustices perpetrated against their fellow citizens. How, Socrates asked, can any man claim to serve justice when that same man cannot even define justice? The question is still relevant in the twenty-first century.

The Setting for and the Speakers in the Dialogue

As in all of the Platonic dialogues, the participants in the debate are friends or acquaintances of the central speaker, Socrates, and they conduct their conversations in the house of one of the participants. The dialogue in the Republic takes place in Cephalus' house; Cephalus is an older man, a wealthy and retired merchant. He has assembled several friends and acquaintances in his house on a feast-day in honor of the Thracian goddess, Bendis (the Greek mythological goddess Artemis, goddess of the moon). Some of the guests simply audit the debate and remain silent; some are very minor participants in the dialogue. The main speakers are Socrates (the persona for Plato, as in all the dialogues); Cephalus; Polemarchus, Cephalus' son; Thrasymachus, a teacher of argument, a Sophist; and Glaucon and Adeimantus, Plato's elder brothers. (Mr. Scott Buchanan, whose suggested etymologies of the names I have adopted, says that Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus show themselves to be caricatures of the three classes in the state developed in Book IV, and that they are more fully developed in Book VIII.)
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共和国是可以说是最受欢迎和最广泛的教训,柏拉图的著作。虽然它包含其激动人心的时刻,它利用某些文学的设备,它不是一出戏,一部小说,故事;它并非严格意义上说,一篇文章。它是谈话的一种扩展的把那拥抱的中心论点,提出论点,苏格拉底的拥护者这样一种说法。共和国可能被视为一种争论,对于大多数的 Dialogues。 一个贴切的形容词它是柏拉图的意图在此对话来建立,从哲学上,理想的状态,会作为一种模式对所有新出现或现有社会目前运作在柏拉图时代并一直延伸到我们自己时代的国家。我们是来推断任何提出公平审判的任何国家政策变化将不得不符合标准的理想状态: 共和国。自从诞生以来第一次,共和国传统上刊登十本书,大概是从其拥有如此分为十"书"在其手稿形式。为了澄清它的参数,这说明进一步细分在讨论这些十本书。苏格拉底式教学法苏格拉底方法的进行与他的同胞的对话已来苏格拉底辩证或苏格拉底式教学法,在历史上称为,其方法的追求一个给定的真理仍通过到现在很多大学和公立学校教师。它是柏拉图通过为共和国和所有他的对话 (对话) 的方法。开启对话的苏格拉底 (和柏拉图的) 方法是在几乎每个实例,以构成一个问题的意思 (要定义的条款或条件而形成了一个逻辑的论证)。例如,苏格拉底在对话开始时可能会问:"如果你自称是一个诚实的人,你如何将定义诚实?"或者他可能会问一个人自称是善良的美德,定义或自称是定义的勇气勇敢的人。然后苏格拉底可能问的例子的勇敢,善良,或诚实的行为;或者他可能会问的类比 (类似的东西) 对那些事情。因此苏格拉底与雅典的年轻人交谈,年轻男子被显然不再抱幻想与教师谁父母雇与人显然不知道苏格拉底知道的一样多。但苏格拉底,谁一些自称是最聪明的人,声称自己知道什么除了每一个人应谨慎地确定什么他认为他知道。他说,混混噩噩的生活是不值得活下去。他教人声称前来智慧通过诗歌和参数和音乐,平原,他们甚至不知道他们在做什么的时候。并且他还教政界人士声称以此正义,并坐在判断对自己的同胞,当在同一时间,那些相同的政客们和"领袖"的国家不可能甚至定义正义和可能,事实上,据说是有罪 (罪) 的某些不公正对犯下他们的同胞。如何,苏格拉底问,可以任何人声称要声张正义,当这名男子甚至无法定义正义?问题是在二十一世纪仍然相关。设置和在对话中扬声器在所有的柏拉图式的对话,在辩论中的参与者是朋友或熟人的中置扬声器,苏格拉底,和他们进行他们的谈话里的参与者之一。在共和国的对话发生在塞伐洛斯的房子;塞伐洛斯是年长的男人,一个富有和退休的商人。他组建了几个朋友和熟人在他的房子上的色雷斯人的女神,迪斯 (希腊神话中的女神月亮女神阿尔忒弥斯) 为了纪念的节日。一些客人只需审核辩论并保持沉默;有一些非常轻微参加对话。主要发言者是苏格拉底 (角色对于柏拉图,在所有的对话);塞伐洛斯;节庆活动,塞伐洛斯的儿子;斯,老师的说法,智者;格劳肯和阿德曼托柏拉图的哥哥们。(斯科特 · 布坎南先生,名字我已经通过,说塞伐洛斯、 节庆活动和斯显示自己的状态,在本书第四,开发中的三类漫画和他们更充分在书八开发其建议的词源。)
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该共和国是可以说是最流行 ​​的,最广泛的教导柏拉图的著作。虽然它包含了戏剧性的时刻,它采用一定的文学手法,它不是一个游戏,小说,故事; 它不是,在严格意义上,一篇作文。它是一种扩展对话,这个对话包含了一个中心论点,即由参数,苏格拉底的支持者先进的参数。共和国可以被看作是一种辩论,一个合适的描述大部分对话的,是柏拉图的这一对话的意图建立,哲学,理想的状态,即会站在作为一种模式对所有新兴的或现有的社会状态在柏拉图的时间目前运作和延伸到我们自己的时代。而且我们推断,在任何状态下实现正义的政策的任何修改建议必须满足的理想状态的标准:民国以来第一次出现,该共和国历来出版十本书,大概从它的上述般分为在其手稿的形式十大“书”。为了弄清它的参数,这进一步说明这些细分十本书在其discussion.The苏格拉底式教学法苏格拉底从事与他的同胞的谈话方式已经在历史上被称为苏格拉底的辩证法或苏格拉底方法,其方法追求的一个给定的事实仍然被许多大学和公立学校教师到目前的一天。这就是柏拉图通过了共和国和他所有的对话(对话)的方法苏格拉底(柏拉图的),打开一个对话的方法是在几乎每一个实例构成意义的问题(索要的定义长期或条款是为了形成一个逻辑论证)的。例如,苏格拉底可能会问,在对话的开始:“如果你自称是一个诚实的人,你会怎么定义诚实?” 或者,他可能会问一个人谁自称是贤惠美德的定义,或一个人谁自称是见义勇为的勇气的定义。然后苏格拉底可能会问的勇敢,还是良性,还是老老实实的行为的例子; 或者他可能会要求类似物(类似的东西)那些东西。因此,苏格拉底与交谈雅典的青年男子,青年男子谁显然醒悟与他们的老师的人他们的父母已经聘请了谁显然不知道不亚于苏格拉底就知道了。但是,苏格拉底,谁的一些自称是最聪明的人,自称什么都不知道,只是每个人都应该仔细地确定什么,他认为他知道。他说,浑浑噩噩的生活不值得过。他告诉我们,男人声称通过诗歌和论证和音乐来的智慧,当它是普通的,他们甚至不知道他们在做什么。而且他还告诉我们,政客声称为了司法和坐在判断他们的同胞时,在同一时间同那些国家的政客和“领袖”甚至不能定义正义和可能,事实上,可以说是有罪(有罪)侵害其他公民的某些不公正的。怎么样,苏格拉底问,可以在任何人声称为了司法当同一个人甚至不能定义正义?现在的问题仍然是有关在二十一世纪的的设置,并在对话中的扬声器作为所有柏拉图对话,辩论的参与者是朋友或中央扬声器,苏格拉底的熟人,他 ​​们开展谈话在参与者之一的房子。在共和国的对话发生在刻法罗斯的房子; 刻法罗斯是一个老男人,一个富有的和退休的商人。他在纪念色雷斯女神组装几个朋友和熟人在他家的盛宴天,Bendis(希腊神话中的女神阿尔忒弥斯,月亮女神)。一些客人只需审核辩论和保持沉默; 有些是在对话非常轻微的参与者。主音箱是苏格拉底(人物角色的柏拉图,因为在所有的对话); 刻法罗斯; Polemarchus,刻法罗斯的儿子; 斯拉斯马科斯,论证的老师,一个智者; 和格劳孔和Adeimantus,柏拉图的哥哥。(斯科特布坎南先生,他的均采用我的名字建议语源说,刻法罗斯,Polemarchus和斯拉斯马科斯表明自己在第四册开发的国家三类的漫画,以及它们在预订越全面发展八。)











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共和国是最流行和最广泛的教柏拉图著作。虽然它包含了戏剧性的时刻,它采用一定的文学手段,它不是一个游戏,一部小说,一个故事;它不是,从严格意义上说,一篇文章。它是一种扩展的谈话,有一个中心论点,这一论点的论点的支持者提出,苏格拉底。共和国可能被视为一种辩论,大多数的对话,一个恰当的描述。正是在这种对话建立的哲学,柏拉图的意图,最理想的状态,一个国家会站在一个模型中所有新兴的或现有的社团目前运作的柏拉图时期和延伸到我们自己的时代。
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