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There are two concepts of empowerment stated in the management and organizational
มีสองแนวความคิดของการเสริมสร้างพลังอำนาจที่ระบุไว้ในการบริหารจัดการและองค์กรเป็นวรรณกรรม literature. Firstly, according to Kanter’s theory of structural empowerment (Kanter,
1977), employees are empowered when they are given access to empowerment
structures to accomplish their work: opportunity, information, support, resources, formal
power, and informal power. Both types of power are associated with autonomy and
mastery, instead of domination and control. Another concept of empowerment is from a
psychological perspective. In this approach, empowerment is described as the
manifestation of four cognitions regarding a worker’s orientation to their role: meaning,
competence, self-determination, and impact or outcome (Spreitzer, Jahasz, & Quinn,
1999). More specifically, psychological empowerment is achieved by promoting
workers’ beliefs about the meaning of their work, their capability to succeed in their job,
their sense of self-determination, and their autonomy in influencing the outcomes of
their work (Hechanova, et al., 2006). Structural empowerment within a workplace is
associated with an increasedin a sense of psychological empowerment. This heightened
sense of psychological empowerment has further influenced in decreasing job strain and
increasing job satisfaction (Laschinger, Finegan, Shamian, & Wilk, 2001). Furthermore,
leadership in school is a crucial factor in empowering teachers. Principals or supervisors
can encourage and support teachers toward increased self-directed behavior, risk taking,
initiative and management of uncertainty (Spreitzer, 1995). Transformational leadership
is a style of leader which motivates their followers through identification with the
leader’s vision beyond simple reward and punishment. Transformational leaders create a
sense of trust, admiration and respect from their followers (Bass & Avolio, 1993).
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