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Numerous studies have highlighted the fact that intangible resources rarely have a direct impact on the firm's performance through complementary cause-effect relationships (Ittner and Larcker, 1998; Kaplan and Norton, 2004), finding instead an indirect impact through the relationship of concomitant causes and multiple effects (Chiucchi, 2005). Recent studies have highlighted the fact that human capital, notwithstanding its being considered the primary element of IC and the most important source of sustainable competitive advantage (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995; Edvinssonand Malone, 1997; Sveiby, 1997; Cabrita et al., 2007), does not have a significant main effect on the firm’s performance, but rather an indirect one. Decomposition of IC effects revealed that human capital has important effects on organizational and relational capital, in other words, that it moderates the relationship between the other components of IC and firm performance (Cabrita and Bontis, 2008). This effect is consistent with the theoretical construct according to which HC is definitely necessary but not sufficient to drive firm’s performance: employee knowledge is the expression of a potential that, to convert into firm value, needs to complemented with a supporting organizational structure and it needs to address the common goals of customers.
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