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So far, the measurement of flow velocity using an ultrasonic sensor is calculated by measuring the transit time of ultrasonic signals between the transmitter and receiver, which are located on opposite sites. However, the proposed system uses the directivity angle of an ultrasonic sensor as shown in Fig. 1. Receivers are located on the same axis and they have the same L and y. The proposed system does not need to use a time-sharing method, because all receivers can receive ultrasonic signals simulta- neously by a single transmission.
In this study, a method of measuring wind velocity is developed by using a phase shift based on measuring the transit time of ultrasonic signals. The delay time, variation of transit time of ultrasonic signals by the wind is measured by measuring the phase shift of the receiving signals. This principle is represented in Eq. (1) [8]
t 1⁄4 t0 þ Dt. (1)
Here, t is the transit time, t0 is the transit time of the ultrasonic signals when there is no wind, and Dt is the phase shift.
If the ultrasonic path is far away, measuring the delay time can be done easily through the variation of transit time. But, if the ultrasonic path is close, measuring the delay time through the phase shift is more efficient than if the path is far away, because the variation of transit time is too small.
The equation to calculate the wind velocity using the proposed principle is represented in Eq. (2) [3,5,8]. This equation is applied to an ultrasonic anemometer also using time-sharing method
Here, t is the ultrasonic travel time of each path, v is the ultrasonic velocity and u is the wind velocity.
Previous systems using the time-sharing method were not affected by the temperature of the wind when applying Eqs. (2) and (3) and this removed the v factor which is sensitive to temperature [8,9]. However, in this proposed system, the transit time of the ultra- sonic signals is not measured when there is no wind. Therefore, this study calibrates when the wind velocity is calculated with a temperature sensor. Fig. 2 is the result of calculating the change of delay time by temperature in the designed system. The variation is small in the low wind velocity. However, the change is huge in the case of high wind velocity, and hence compensation is required.
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