These discrepancies among results may be ex- plained in part by differences in the trial proto- cols. In all three trials, the whole-body tempera- ture (as measured in the rectum or esophagus) was reduced, but the strategies for cooling and the target temperatures varied: temperature was decreased to 33 to 34°C with the use of cooling blankets in TOBY and the NICHD trial and to 34 to 35°C by means of scalp cooling in the CoolCap study.