consider a flat smooth surface over which an airstream is flowing. wha translation - consider a flat smooth surface over which an airstream is flowing. wha Indonesian how to say

consider a flat smooth surface over

consider a flat smooth surface over which an airstream is flowing. what may seem to be a smooth surface to an observer, will, to a molecule of air, seem a very rough one. air is a viscous medium, and any surface subjected to a moving airstream will inevitably have, through viscous adhesion, a minutely thin layer of air at its surface which has zero relative velocity.

succeeding layers adjacent to the surface will, through the same viscous action, be subject to retardation, but to lesser degree with increasing distance (abelt a very small one) from the surface. a point is therefore reached where the airflow will be unaffected, and its velocity will be that of the free stream airflow

this layer of air from the surface where there is zero velocity, to the point where there is no retardation, is reffered to as the BOUNDARY LAYER and is normally difined as the region in which the velocity of flow is less than 99% of the free stream value.

the boundary layer exixts in two forms : a. laminar flow, and tubulent flow

physical laws dictate that at some point along a surface which is subject to a moving airstream, the flow will change from laminar to turbulent. this point is of importance in the study of dra, the significant feature being that the drag is greater in the turbulent layer than in the laminar.

the main variables which dictate the change from the laminar state to the turbulent ar :
a. velocity of flow, b. viscosity of the fluid, or air, c. size of the object

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consider a flat smooth surface over which an airstream is flowing. what may seem to be a smooth surface to an observer, will, to a molecule of air, seem a very rough one. air is a viscous medium, and any surface subjected to a moving airstream will inevitably have, through viscous adhesion, a minutely thin layer of air at its surface which has zero relative velocity.succeeding layers adjacent to the surface will, through the same viscous action, be subject to retardation, but to lesser degree with increasing distance (abelt a very small one) from the surface. a point is therefore reached where the airflow will be unaffected, and its velocity will be that of the free stream airflowthis layer of air from the surface where there is zero velocity, to the point where there is no retardation, is reffered to as the BOUNDARY LAYER and is normally difined as the region in which the velocity of flow is less than 99% of the free stream value.the boundary layer exixts in two forms : a. laminar flow, and tubulent flowphysical laws dictate that at some point along a surface which is subject to a moving airstream, the flow will change from laminar to turbulent. this point is of importance in the study of dra, the significant feature being that the drag is greater in the turbulent layer than in the laminar.the main variables which dictate the change from the laminar state to the turbulent ar : a. velocity of flow, b. viscosity of the fluid, or air, c. size of the object
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mempertimbangkan permukaan halus datar di mana aliran udara mengalir. apa mungkin tampak permukaan halus untuk seorang pengamat, akan, untuk molekul udara, tampak salah satu yang sangat kasar. udara adalah media kental, dan setiap permukaan dikenakan aliran udara bergerak mau tidak mau harus melalui adhesi kental, lapisan teliti tipis udara pada permukaannya yang memiliki nol kecepatan relatif. berhasil lapisan yang berdekatan dengan kehendak permukaan, melalui aksi kental yang sama , tunduk pada keterbelakangan, tetapi untuk tingkat yang lebih rendah dengan meningkatnya jarak (abelt yang sangat kecil) dari permukaan. titik karena itu tercapai di mana aliran udara akan terpengaruh, dan kecepatannya akan bahwa dari aliran aliran udara bebas lapisan ini udara dari permukaan di mana ada kecepatan nol, ke titik di mana tidak ada keterbelakangan, yang dirujuk sebagai LAPIS BATAS dan biasanya mengartikan sebagai wilayah di mana kecepatan aliran kurang dari 99% dari nilai aliran bebas. lapisan exixts batas dalam dua bentuk: a. aliran laminar, dan aliran tubulent hukum-hukum fisika mendikte bahwa di beberapa titik di sepanjang permukaan yang tunduk pada aliran udara bergerak, aliran akan berubah dari laminar ke turbulen. titik ini sangat penting dalam studi dra, fitur yang signifikan adalah bahwa hambatan yang lebih besar di lapisan turbulen daripada di laminar tersebut. variabel utama yang menentukan perubahan dari negara laminar ke turbulen ar: a. kecepatan aliran, b. viskositas cairan, atau udara, c. ukuran objek












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