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consider a flat smooth surface over which an airstream is flowing. what may seem to be a smooth surface to an observer, will, to a molecule of air, seem a very rough one. air is a viscous medium, and any surface subjected to a moving airstream will inevitably have, through viscous adhesion, a minutely thin layer of air at its surface which has zero relative velocity.succeeding layers adjacent to the surface will, through the same viscous action, be subject to retardation, but to lesser degree with increasing distance (abelt a very small one) from the surface. a point is therefore reached where the airflow will be unaffected, and its velocity will be that of the free stream airflowthis layer of air from the surface where there is zero velocity, to the point where there is no retardation, is reffered to as the BOUNDARY LAYER and is normally difined as the region in which the velocity of flow is less than 99% of the free stream value.the boundary layer exixts in two forms : a. laminar flow, and tubulent flowphysical laws dictate that at some point along a surface which is subject to a moving airstream, the flow will change from laminar to turbulent. this point is of importance in the study of dra, the significant feature being that the drag is greater in the turbulent layer than in the laminar.the main variables which dictate the change from the laminar state to the turbulent ar : a. velocity of flow, b. viscosity of the fluid, or air, c. size of the object
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