Behavior in relationship- based cultures is regulated through close supervision by authority figures. This requires that authority be respected, and it therefore resides in persons with whom one has significant relationships, such as parents, elders, bosses, or even departed ancestors. Improper behavior is deterred by shame, loss of face, punishment, or ostracism. Because the authority figures are close at hand and form an integral part of the social environment, behavioral norms are usually implicit in the cultural situation and need not be spelled out explicitly. Relationship-based cultures therefore tend to rely on high-context communication