Further analyses indicated no significantdifferences in grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism or self-esteem in individuals thatentered school after the German reunification ( 5 years of age in 1989). In the middle agecohort (6±18 years of age in 1989), significant differences in vulnerable narcissism, grandiosenarcissism and self-esteem were observed. In the oldest age cohort (> 19 years of agein 1989), significant differences were only found in one of the two scales assessing grandiosenarcissism (NPI). Our data provides empirical evidence that sociocultural factors areassociated with differences in narcissism and self-esteem.