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Since its inception in 2000, the bismuth film electrode(BiFE) [1] has been attracting increasing attention in the fieldof electrochemical stripping analysis, as an alternative andpossible replacement for the mercury film electrode (MFE),with its applications including anodic stripping voltammetry(ASV) [2–6] and chronopotentiometric stripping analysis(CPSA) [7] of some trace toxic metals. In addition, adsorptivecathodic stripping voltammetry (AdCSV) has been successfullyemployed at BiFE [8–11]. Several aspects of the BiFEbehaviour and performance have already been examined includingthe formation of intermetallic compounds [12] and the effects of potential interferents such as surfactants andionic species [5,13].The performance of the BiFE has been proven to comparefavourably to or even surpass that of mercury electrodes,which have commonly been used in stripping analysis[14–16]. The attractive properties of the BiFE include simplepreparation, high sensitivity, well-defined and undistortedstripping signals, excellent peak resolution, relatively largenegative potential range and insensitivity to dissolvedoxygen (in contrast to mercury). In addition, the low toxicityof bismuth [17] is in stark contrast to that of mercury [18],whose use as an electrode material may, in the future, evenbe constrained.The bismuth film can be electrolytically formed in the insitu mode, in which the film is plated, simultaneously withthe target metal ions during the preconcentration step inASV, from a measurement solution containing added Bi(III)ions, and is then itself electrochemically dissolved (strippedoff) each time at the end of the stripping step at potentialsbeyond ca. −0.2V versus Ag/AgCl [1,5]. Since the substrateelectrode (macro- or micro-sized) is kept in the same solutionfor the film formation/accumulation and stripping steps, thestability of the film in such a “single-shot” measurement isnot a critical point. On the other hand, when the bismuthfilm is deposited ex situ, i.e. in a pre-analysis step froma separate plating solution, this requires a transfer of theprepared BiFE into a measurement solution [8–11] or in aflow detector [19]. Hence, in the ex situ mode, in which thesame film can be used for several measurement events, theoverall long-term functional stability of the bismuth film(mechanical and electrochemical) is of crucial importance.Interestingly, in contrast to the ex situ formed MFE, forwhich the pre-plating step, whether employing macro- ormicro-substrate electrodes, has been reported to be complicatedby difficulties associated with the preparation of truemercury films and poor stability of the coatings, resulting inlosses of mercury upon transfer of MFE to the measurementsolution [20–22], stability problems with BiFEs preparedwith conventional size glassy carbon or screen-printedsubstrate electrodes were apparently not encountered andreported. However, when micro-sized substrate electrodes,such as single carbon fibre, were used for the preparation ofthe pre-plated BiFMEs, severe film stability problems wereexperienced in our preliminary experiments and similarobservations were reported elsewhere [23]. It was obvioustherefore that this problem should be adequately addressed.In this paper we report for the first time on the preparation,optimisation and characterisation of an ex situ preparedbismuth film microelectrode (BiFME), based on a singlecarbon fibre microelectrode (CFME) serving as the substrateelectrode. The long-term overall stability and performanceof the BiFMEs were examined using the AdCSV responseto trace Co(II) as a test signal. Several parameters suchas bismuth plating solution composition, plating potentialand time were studied and optimised with respect to thelong-term BiFME stripping performance. In addition, the applicationof ASV (of Cd(II) and Pb(II)) followed by AdCSV(of Co(II) and Ni(II)) from the same measurement solutionand using the same BiFME is demonstrated. The proposedex situ BiFME is of great importance for measurements inthose (micro)environments where the in situ bismuth filmpreparation protocol is inappropriate or is impracticable(e.g. small volume sample analysis, in vivo measurements,on-field analytics, adsorptive stripping measurements, etc.)
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