Mobile phone tracking refers to the ascertaining of the position of a  translation - Mobile phone tracking refers to the ascertaining of the position of a  Japanese how to say

Mobile phone tracking refers to the


Mobile phone tracking refers to the ascertaining of the position of a mobile phone, whether stationary or moving. Localization may occur either via multilateration of radio signals between (several) radio towers of the network and the phone, or simply via GPS. To locate the phone using multilateration of radio signals, it must emit at least the roaming signal to contact the next nearby antenna tower, but the process does not require an active call. The Global System for Mobile Communications is based on the phone's signal strength to nearby antenna masts.

Mobile positioning, which includes location-based services that disclose the actual coordinates of a mobile phone bearer, is a technology used by telecommunication companies to approximate the location of a mobile phone, and thereby also its user (bearer). The more properly applied term locating refers to the purpose rather than a positioning process. Such service is offered as an option of the class of location-based services (LBS).


Technology

The technology of locating is based on measuring power levels and antenna patterns and uses the concept that a powered mobile phone always communicates wirelessly with one of the closest base stations, so knowledge of the location of the base station implies the cell phone is nearby.

Advanced systems determine the sector in which the mobile phone resides and roughly estimate also the distance to the base station. Further approximation can be done by interpolating signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a precision of down to 50 meters in urban areas where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers (base stations) is sufficiently high. Rural and desolate areas may see miles between base stations and therefore determine locations less precisely.

GSM localization is the use of multilateration to determine the location of GSM mobile phones, or dedicated trackers, usually with the intent to locate the user.

Localization-Based Systems can be broadly divided into:

Network-based
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Network-based techniques utilize the service provider's network infrastructure to identify the location of the handset. The advantage of network-based techniques (from a mobile operator's point of view) is that they can be implemented non-intrusively without affecting the handsets. Network-based techniques were developed many years prior to the widespread availability of GPS on handsets, see US 5519760, issued 21 May 1996 for one of the first works relating to this.

The accuracy of network-based techniques varies, with cell identification as the least accurate and triangulation as moderately accurate, and newer "Forward Link" timing methods as the most accurate. The accuracy of network-based techniques is both dependent on the concentration of base station cells, with urban environments achieving the highest possible accuracy, and the implementation of the most current timing methods.

One of the key challenges of network-based techniques is the requirement to work closely with the service provider as it entails the installation of hardware and software within the operator's infrastructure. Frequently the compulsion associated with a legislative framework, such as Enhanced 9-1-1, is required before a service provider will deploy a solution.
Handset-based

Handset-based technology requires the installation of client software on the handset to determine its location. This technique determines the location of the handset by putting its location by cell identification, signal strengths of the home and neighboring cells, which is continuously sent to the carrier. In addition, if the handset is also equipped with GPS then significantly more precise location information is then sent from the handset to the carrier.

The key disadvantage of this technique (from mobile operator's point of view) is the necessity of installing software on the handset. It requires the active cooperation of the mobile subscriber as well as software that must be able to handle the different operating systems of the handsets. Typically, smartphones, such as one based on Symbian, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone, BlackBerry OS, iOS, or Android, would be able to run such software, e.g. Google Maps.

One proposed work-around is the installation of embedded hardware or software on the handset by the manufacturers, e.g., E-OTD. This avenue has not made significant headway, due to the difficulty of convincing different manufacturers to cooperate on a common mechanism and to address the cost issue. Another difficulty would be to address the issue of foreign handsets that are roaming in the network.
SIM-based

Using the SIM in GSM and UMTS handsets, it is possible to obtain raw radio measurements from the handset. Available measurements include the serving Cell ID, round-trip time, and signal strength. The type of information obtained via the SIM can differ from what is available from the handset. For example, it may not be possible to obtain any raw measurements from the handset directly, yet still obtain measurements via the SIM.
WiFi

Crowdsourced Wifi data can also be used to identify a handset's location. Poor performance of the GPS-based methods in indoor environment and increasing popularity of WiFi have encouraged companies to design new and feasible methods to carry out WiFi-based indoor positioning. Most smartphones combine Global Positioning Systems (GPS) with Wi-Fi positioning systems.
Hybrid

Hybrid positioning systems use a combination of network-based and handset-based technologies for location determination. One example would be some modes of Assisted GPS, which can both use GPS and network information to compute the location. Both types of data are thus used by the telephone to make the location more accurate (i.e., A-GPS). Alternatively tracking with both systems can also occur by having the phone attain its GPS-location directly from the satellites, and then having the information sent via the network to the person that is trying to locate the telephone. Services allowing such cellphone include Google Maps. Other examples would be LTE's OTDOA and E-CellID.

There are also hybrid positioning systems which combine several different location approaches to position mobile devices by WiFi, WiMAX, GSM, LTE, IP addresses, and network environment data.
Operational purpose

In order to route calls to a phone, the cell towers listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes location, the antenna towers monitor the signal, and the phone is roamed to an adjacent tower as appropriate.

By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple antenna towers, a general location of a phone can be roughly determined. Other means make use of the antenna pattern, which supports angular determination and phase discrimination.

Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when turned on and not active in a telephone call. This results from the roaming procedures that perform hand-over of the phone from one base station to another.
Bearer interest

A phone's location can be uploaded to a common website where one's friends and family can view one's last reported position. Newer phones may have built-in GPS receivers which could be used in a similar fashion, but with much higher accuracy. This is controversial, because data on a common website means people who are not "friends and family" may be able to view the information.
Privacy

Locating or positioning touches upon delicate privacy issues, since it enables someone to check where a person is without the person's consent. Strict ethics and security measures are strongly recommended for services that employ positioning, and the user must give an informed, explicit consent to a service provider before the service provider can compute positioning data from the user's mobile phone.
China

China has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of Beijing city residents.Aggregate presence of mobile phone users could be tracked in a privacy-preserving fashion.

Europe

In Europe most countries have a constitutional guarantee on the secrecy of correspondence, and location data obtained from mobile phone networks is usually given the same protection as the communication itself.
United States

In the US there is no explicit constitutional guarantee on the privacy of telecommunications, so use of location data is limited by law. Law enforcement (like the police) can obtain permission to position phones in emergency cases where people, including criminals are missing. The U.S. Department of Justice has argued that current laws allow them to track suspects without having probable cause to suspect a law is being violated. In some instances, law enforcement may even access a mobile phone's internal microphone to eavesdrop on local conversations while the phone is switched off.

A secret interpretation of The Patriot Act, confirmed to exist, has been linked to secret widespread location tracking.

Since 2005 the Electronic Frontier Foundation has been following some U.S. cases, including USA v. Pen Register, regarding government tracking of individuals.[23] In In re Application of the United States for Historical Cell Site Data, 724 F.3d 600 (5th Cir. 2013), the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that the government does not need a warrant to compel cell phone providers to disclose historical cell site information. In United States v. Davis (2014), the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ruled in a criminal case that obtaining cell phone location data "without a warrant is a Fourth Amendment violation.”
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Mobile phone tracking refers to the ascertaining of the position of a mobile phone, whether stationary or moving. Localization may occur either via multilateration of radio signals between (several) radio towers of the network and the phone, or simply via GPS. To locate the phone using multilateration of radio signals, it must emit at least the roaming signal to contact the next nearby antenna tower, but the process does not require an active call. The Global System for Mobile Communications is based on the phone's signal strength to nearby antenna masts.

Mobile positioning, which includes location-based services that disclose the actual coordinates of a mobile phone bearer, is a technology used by telecommunication companies to approximate the location of a mobile phone, and thereby also its user (bearer). The more properly applied term locating refers to the purpose rather than a positioning process. Such service is offered as an option of the class of location-based services (LBS).


Technology

The technology of locating is based on measuring power levels and antenna patterns and uses the concept that a powered mobile phone always communicates wirelessly with one of the closest base stations, so knowledge of the location of the base station implies the cell phone is nearby.

Advanced systems determine the sector in which the mobile phone resides and roughly estimate also the distance to the base station. Further approximation can be done by interpolating signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a precision of down to 50 meters in urban areas where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers (base stations) is sufficiently high. Rural and desolate areas may see miles between base stations and therefore determine locations less precisely.

GSM localization is the use of multilateration to determine the location of GSM mobile phones, or dedicated trackers, usually with the intent to locate the user.

Localization-Based Systems can be broadly divided into:

Network-based
Question book-new.svg
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011)

Network-based techniques utilize the service provider's network infrastructure to identify the location of the handset. The advantage of network-based techniques (from a mobile operator's point of view) is that they can be implemented non-intrusively without affecting the handsets. Network-based techniques were developed many years prior to the widespread availability of GPS on handsets, see US 5519760, issued 21 May 1996 for one of the first works relating to this.

The accuracy of network-based techniques varies, with cell identification as the least accurate and triangulation as moderately accurate, and newer "Forward Link" timing methods as the most accurate. The accuracy of network-based techniques is both dependent on the concentration of base station cells, with urban environments achieving the highest possible accuracy, and the implementation of the most current timing methods.

One of the key challenges of network-based techniques is the requirement to work closely with the service provider as it entails the installation of hardware and software within the operator's infrastructure. Frequently the compulsion associated with a legislative framework, such as Enhanced 9-1-1, is required before a service provider will deploy a solution.
Handset-based

Handset-based technology requires the installation of client software on the handset to determine its location. This technique determines the location of the handset by putting its location by cell identification, signal strengths of the home and neighboring cells, which is continuously sent to the carrier. In addition, if the handset is also equipped with GPS then significantly more precise location information is then sent from the handset to the carrier.

The key disadvantage of this technique (from mobile operator's point of view) is the necessity of installing software on the handset. It requires the active cooperation of the mobile subscriber as well as software that must be able to handle the different operating systems of the handsets. Typically, smartphones, such as one based on Symbian, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone, BlackBerry OS, iOS, or Android, would be able to run such software, e.g. Google Maps.

One proposed work-around is the installation of embedded hardware or software on the handset by the manufacturers, e.g., E-OTD. This avenue has not made significant headway, due to the difficulty of convincing different manufacturers to cooperate on a common mechanism and to address the cost issue. Another difficulty would be to address the issue of foreign handsets that are roaming in the network.
SIM-based

Using the SIM in GSM and UMTS handsets, it is possible to obtain raw radio measurements from the handset. Available measurements include the serving Cell ID, round-trip time, and signal strength. The type of information obtained via the SIM can differ from what is available from the handset. For example, it may not be possible to obtain any raw measurements from the handset directly, yet still obtain measurements via the SIM.
WiFi

Crowdsourced Wifi data can also be used to identify a handset's location. Poor performance of the GPS-based methods in indoor environment and increasing popularity of WiFi have encouraged companies to design new and feasible methods to carry out WiFi-based indoor positioning. Most smartphones combine Global Positioning Systems (GPS) with Wi-Fi positioning systems.
Hybrid

Hybrid positioning systems use a combination of network-based and handset-based technologies for location determination. One example would be some modes of Assisted GPS, which can both use GPS and network information to compute the location. Both types of data are thus used by the telephone to make the location more accurate (i.e., A-GPS). Alternatively tracking with both systems can also occur by having the phone attain its GPS-location directly from the satellites, and then having the information sent via the network to the person that is trying to locate the telephone. Services allowing such cellphone include Google Maps. Other examples would be LTE's OTDOA and E-CellID.

There are also hybrid positioning systems which combine several different location approaches to position mobile devices by WiFi, WiMAX, GSM, LTE, IP addresses, and network environment data.
Operational purpose

In order to route calls to a phone, the cell towers listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes location, the antenna towers monitor the signal, and the phone is roamed to an adjacent tower as appropriate.

By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple antenna towers, a general location of a phone can be roughly determined. Other means make use of the antenna pattern, which supports angular determination and phase discrimination.

Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when turned on and not active in a telephone call. This results from the roaming procedures that perform hand-over of the phone from one base station to another.
Bearer interest

A phone's location can be uploaded to a common website where one's friends and family can view one's last reported position. Newer phones may have built-in GPS receivers which could be used in a similar fashion, but with much higher accuracy. This is controversial, because data on a common website means people who are not "friends and family" may be able to view the information.
Privacy

Locating or positioning touches upon delicate privacy issues, since it enables someone to check where a person is without the person's consent. Strict ethics and security measures are strongly recommended for services that employ positioning, and the user must give an informed, explicit consent to a service provider before the service provider can compute positioning data from the user's mobile phone.
China

China has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of Beijing city residents.Aggregate presence of mobile phone users could be tracked in a privacy-preserving fashion.

Europe

In Europe most countries have a constitutional guarantee on the secrecy of correspondence, and location data obtained from mobile phone networks is usually given the same protection as the communication itself.
United States

In the US there is no explicit constitutional guarantee on the privacy of telecommunications, so use of location data is limited by law. Law enforcement (like the police) can obtain permission to position phones in emergency cases where people, including criminals are missing. The U.S. Department of Justice has argued that current laws allow them to track suspects without having probable cause to suspect a law is being violated. In some instances, law enforcement may even access a mobile phone's internal microphone to eavesdrop on local conversations while the phone is switched off.

A secret interpretation of The Patriot Act, confirmed to exist, has been linked to secret widespread location tracking.

Since 2005 the Electronic Frontier Foundation has been following some U.S. cases, including USA v. Pen Register, regarding government tracking of individuals.[23] In In re Application of the United States for Historical Cell Site Data, 724 F.3d 600 (5th Cir. 2013), the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that the government does not need a warrant to compel cell phone providers to disclose historical cell site information. In United States v. Davis (2014), the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ruled in a criminal case that obtaining cell phone location data "without a warrant is a Fourth Amendment violation.”
Commercial Privacy of Location Inf
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携帯電話追跡は、携帯電話の位置の把握を指し、移動する静止したかを読み取るかどうかを指定します。 ローカリゼーションは、ネットワーク経由での無線信号'切り離し(最後のポイント上昇)無線塔のmultilateration、電話、または単に経由でGPSが発生することがあります。 無線信号の電話multilateration双方向調整を検索します。携帯電話追跡回携帯電話の位置を確認することに言及し、静止または移動するかどうか。局在化が起こるかもしれないのいずれかを介してmultilateration無線信号の間(数)は、ネットワークの電波塔と携帯電話を介して、または単にgps。無線信号の受動型測位を用いた携帯電話を見つけるために、それは次の近くのアンテナ塔に接触する少なくともローミング信号を発しなければならないが、プロセスは、アクティブなコールを必要とします。移動通信のための世界的なシステムの近くのアンテナマストに電話の信号強度に基づくです。モバイル位置情報、位置情報は、携帯電話の無記名の実際の座標値を明らかにするサービスが含まれていて、携帯電話の位置を近似するための通信会社によって使われる技術により、そのユーザー(無記名)。適用期間の位置をより適切に目的の位置よりもむしろに言及します。このようなサービスの位置ベースのサービスのクラスのオプションとして提供され(lb)です技術です位置決めの技術力のレベルとアンテナパターン測定に基づいており、そのパワード携帯電話の最寄りの基地局のうちの1つで、ワイヤレス通信の概念を常に使用しているので、基地局の位置の知識は、携帯電話の近くのことを意味する。先進的なシステムを決定するためには、携帯電話があると概算する基地局までの距離。さらに近似を隣接するアンテナ塔の間で信号を補間することにより行うことができます。資格のあるサービスの都市移動の交通とアンテナ塔の密度が50メートルの精度を得ることができる(基地局)は十分に高い。地方の荒涼とした地域を見るかもしれない間の基地局となるのでより正確な位置を決定する。gsmの局在を用いる受動型測位位置を決定するためのgsmの携帯電話、または専用のトラッカーは、通常のユーザーを見つけるのを意図します。局在系に大別できる:ネットワークに基づいた回です質問1本は新しい。このセクションは引用または源を引用しません。信頼できる情報源の引用を加えることによって、このセクションを改善するのを手伝ってください。出典不明の材料に挑戦し、除去してもよい。(2011年10月)ですネットワークベースの技術を利用するサービスプロバイダーのネットワークインフラストラクチャを確認する場所の送受話器。ネットワーク技術の優位性の観点、携帯電話事業者の視点から)が実装されて、彼らは非侵襲的に携帯電話に影響することなくすることができます。ネットワーク・ベースの技術は携帯電話にgpsの広範囲の有用性の前に多くの年を開発し、米国の5519760を見て、5月21日この発行は1996年に関する最初の作品の1つ。ネットワーク技術の精度が変化し、細胞の同定と同様に、少なくとも正確で適度に正確な三角測量として、新しい「下り」のタイミングの方法として最も正確である。ネットワーク技術の精度の基地局の細胞の濃度の両方に依存し、可能な限り精度を達成するための都市環境と、と、大部分の現在のタイミング法の実装はネットワーク技術の重要な課題の1つは、オペレータのインフラストラクチャ内のハードウェアとソフトウェアのインストールを必要として、サービスプロバイダと密接に働くことを要求されます。頻繁に立法上のフレームワークと関連した強制、9 - 1 - 1の強化などサービスプロバイダ解決を配備する前に必要とされます。携帯電話送受話器ベースの2ベースの技術を必要とするインストールのクライアントソフトウェアについて受話器をその位置を決定する。この技術は、細胞の同定によってその場所を置くことによって、携帯端末の位置を決定するには、ホームと隣接セルの信号強度は、連続的に搬送された。また、また、送受話器を装備したgpsで有意により正確な位置情報を、送受話器からのキャリアに送られるならば。このテクニックの不利は、キー(図の携帯電話事業者の視点から)は、携帯電話にソフトウェアをインストールする必要があります。それだけでなく、ソフトウェアの異なる送受話器のオペレーティングシステムを扱うことができなければ、移動加入者の積極的な協力を必要とします。一般的に、多機能電話などに基づいてシンビアン、ウィンドウズモバイルの携帯電話、ブラックベリー、iosの、または、そのようなソフトウェアを実行することができ、例えばgoogleマップ。つの提案された仕事の周りのインストールの組込みハードウェアまたはソフトウェアの携帯電話メーカーによって、例えば、e-otd。この街の重要な前進で説得力のない、異なるメーカーの難しさのためにコストの問題に対処するために共通の機構についての協力をしております。もう一つの困難は、ネットワークにローミングである外国の送受話器の問題に対処することにします。sim simを用いた2を用いたsおよび送受話器、子機からの生のラジオの測定値を得ることができる。利用可能なセルid、往復の時間を含みます、そして、信号の強さ。シムを介して得られた情報のタイプのものは、携帯電話から利用可能であるとは異なることができます。例えば、端末から直接任意の生の測定値を得ることができなくなるかもしれないが、まだ得る測定シムを介してwifiです。crowdsourced wifiデータに使われることを識別するための送受話器の位置。gpsの成績不振のwifiの室内環境と増加している人気に基づく企業の新しいベースの屋内位置決めのwifiを行う方法と実現可能性を設計するのを奨励しました。大部分の多機能電話の全地球測位システム(gps)を組み合わせてwi - fi位置決めシステムを用いたハイブリッドです。ハイブリッド測位システムの組み合わせを使用ネットワークベースと送受話器ベースの位置測定のための技術。一例として補助gpsのいくつかのモードであることが両方の位置を計算するためのgpsとネットワーク情報を使用しています。両方の型のデータをこのように場所をより正確にするために、電話で使用されている(すなわち、するため)。両方のシステムでまた追跡携帯電話、衛星から直接そのgps位置を達成することによって起こることができます、そして、情報をネットワークを介して電話を見つけるしようとしている人に送られる。そのような携帯電話を可能にするサービスgoogleマップを含みます。他の例とe-cellid lteのotdoaでしょう。wifi、wimax gsm、ipアドレスによってlte、モバイルデバイスの位置には、いくつかの異なる場所のアプローチを組み合わせたハイブリッド測位システム、およびネットワーク環境データ。電話へのルートのために操作上の目的です、細胞塔携帯電話から送られた信号を聞くと、電話でタワー意思疎通することが最高であると交渉する。携帯電話の変化の場所として、アンテナ塔信号をモニターします、そして、電話の適当なものとして、隣接した塔を歩き回ったです。複数のアンテナ塔からの相対的な信号強度を比較することによって、電話の一般的な位置を大まかに決定することができます。他の手段は、アンテナパターンを利用すると、位相弁別と角の決定を支持している。新しい携帯電話がオンとなり、電話で活発でない携帯電話のトラッキングを許すかもしれません。これを実行する携帯電話の上の1つの基地局からもう一つまでの手順は、ローミングからの結果は電話の無記名の関心です場所にアップロードできる共通のウェブサイトが1つの友人と家族を見ることができる1つの最後の位置を報告した。新しい携帯電話内蔵gps受信機と同様に使用されることができたのかもしれませんが、非常に高い精度で測定した。この論争の的であるが、一般のウェブサイト上のデータをしない人には「友人と家族の「情報を見ることができる人々を意味するので、プライバシーです。位置決めや繊細なプライバシー問題に触れる位置決めそれは誰が人の同意なしではどこにあるのかをチェックできるので。厳格な倫理とセキュリティ対策の位置決めを使用するサービスのために強く推薦されて、ユーザーが情報を与えなければ、サービス提供者は、ユーザーの携帯電話からの測位データを計算することができる前に、サービスプロバイダへの露骨な同意は中国です。中国北京市住民の通勤パターンを追跡するためにこの技術を用いることを提案している。携帯電話ユーザーの集合の存在のようなプライバシー保護に追われることができた。ヨーロッパでは、ヨーロッパの大部分の国の憲法の保証についての秘密の対応と携帯電話ネットワークから得られた位置情報を、通信自体は通常と同様の保護を与えられた。アメリカ合衆国ですが、米国における通信のプライバシーについての明示的な憲法の保証がないので、位置データの使用法により制限される。法の執行(警察等)の位置に電話できる許可を得るために緊急の場合の人々犯罪者を含む。米国司法省は、現在の法律の彼らの法律違反容疑者への考えられる原因なしで容疑者を追跡することができると主張している。いくつかの例では、法の執行は、携帯電話のスイッチをオフにする間、地元の会話を盗み聞きした携帯電話の内部のマイクアクセスさえするかもしれません。パトリオット法の秘密の解釈存在が確認され、トラッキングの秘密の広範囲の場所にリンクされている。2005年電子フロンティア財団にはいくつかの米国の例に続いていましたので、アメリカ合衆国対ペン・レジスタを含んで、政府は個人の追跡について23における歴史的細胞サイトデータのためにアメリカ合衆国のアプリケーションにおいて、724さん600(2013年のcir 5)第5の回路は、政府の携帯電話プロバイダーの歴史の携帯サイト情報を明らかにすることを強要するために令状を必要としないと保持のための米国控訴裁判所。アメリカ合衆国における。デービス(2014年)、第11の回路を支配した刑事事件における携帯電話場所データを得ることは、令状なしで修正第4条違反であることのための米国控訴裁判所。」位置情報のプライバシー
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