In postconflict development, engagement by global, regional,
national, and community-level actors is critical. National security—
again a foundational institution—cannot be taken for granted when violence
crosses borders and remnant violent and criminal forces are still active in
cross-border enclaves, as the Lords Resistance Army was until recently in
Uganda. Multinational organized crime has plagued other countries. The UN
may potentially play a more active coordinating role. Other international organizations
and agencies provide funds and capacity building.
New international rules and agreements are helping to reduce the problem
of incentives for conflict, by creating controls on exports and imports of
high-value resources.82 Moreover, business, government, and civil society
are partnering to foster international voluntary arrangements to reduce financial
incentives for war or to ensure that resources do not fund conflict.
For example, some 50 members of the WTO agreed to trade only diamonds
certified as free of conflict by the voluntary Kimberley Process. In addition,
some 32 countries have agreed to voluntarily implement the Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), under which firms publish what they
pay governments for resource extraction, the government publishes what it
earns, and a multistakeholder group and outside auditors reconcile these
figures to ensure that the money from resources goes to the public that owns
them