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Coarse spatial resolution satellite data (500 m to 1 km) have beenused extensively in the past decades to systematically monitor fire usingcomputer algorithms to detect the location and intensity of active firesat the time of satellite overpass, and algorithms tomap the spatial extentof the areas affected by fires (Mouillot et al., 2014; Roy, Boschetti, & Smith,2013). Until the successful launch of the polar-orbiting coarse resolutionModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors onthe Terra and Aqua platforms there were no environmental satellite systemswith dedicated fire monitoring capabilities (Justice, Smith, Gill, &Csiszar, 2003). The MODIS design includes bands selected for fire detectionand well suited for burned area mapping, and MODIS data are usedto systematically generate global coarse resolution daily 1 km active fire(Giglio, Descloitres, Justice, & Kaufman, 2003), monthly 500 m burnedarea (Giglio, Loboda, Roy, Quayle, & Justice, 2009; Roy, Jin, Lewis, &Justice, 2005), and associated global emission products (van der Werfet al., 2010). The MODIS product record will continue with the 2011 successfulSuomi NPP Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)launch and the planned follow-on Joint Polar Satellite Suite (JPSS)-1VIIRS mission. VIIRS has dedicated active fire detection capabilities(Csiszar et al., 2014; Schroeder, Oliva, Giglio, & Csiszar, 2014) with acoarse spatial resolution of 750 m and 375 m for the thermal andreflective wavelength bands respectively (Murphy, Ardanuy, Deluccia,Clement, & Schueler, 2006).The need for moderate to high spatial resolution (10 m to 30 m)burned area products has been advocated by fire product users for applicationsincluding carbon budget accounting, estimation of pyrogenicemissions of greenhouse gasses, particulates and aerosols (GOFC-GOLD,2014; Hyer & Reid, 2009;Mouillot et al., 2014; Randerson, Chen, van derWerf, Rogers, & Morton, 2012), fire management and post-fire remediation(Lentile et al., 2006; Rollins, 2009), and for environmentalmanagement applications (Justice et al., 2013; Trigg & Roy, 2007). Althoughmoderate to high spatial resolution satellite data, such as providedby Landsat (Roy et al., 2014), ASTER (Yamaguchi, Kahle, Tsu,Kawakami, & Pniel, 1998) or RapidEye (Tyc, Tulip, Schulten, Krischke,& Oxfort, 2005), provide the opportunity for detailed spatial mappingof burned areas, they have reduced temporal resolution due to their narrowfield of view relative to coarse resolution polar-orbiting sensorssuch asMODIS or VIIRS. The temporal frequency of satellite acquisitionsis very important for fire monitoring because the fire behavior and postfiresurface effects can change rapidly, and can be obscured by clouds,smoke and other optically thick aerosols (Giglio, 2007; Roy, Boschetti,Justice, & Ju, 2008; Smith & Wooster, 2005). In addition, disturbancessuch as shadows, flooding, crop harvesting, or rapid vegetation senescencemay produce spectrally similar effects to burned areas in single
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