FIGURE 5. Locally weighted regressi

FIGURE 5. Locally weighted regression analyses of two ingliding Philadelphia sound changes by date of birth and race. /æh/ in man, bath, mad, etc., and /oh/ in water, talk, off, etc. a = African American, n = 36; w = White, n = 330. Gray area = 95% confidence intervals.


Americans following the pattern of the white community; on the contrary, African Americans follow the inverse pattern, moving toward the traditional stigmatized target rather than away from it. The number of younger speakers born in the
1980s is too small to produce a reliable result, as the enlarged gray areas representing 95% confidence intervals indicate. But none of these figures show African Americans participating in the pattern of the white Philadelphia sound changes.


P A RT I C IP A T IO N I N T H E T R A D I T IO NA L S HO RT - A SPLIT

The phonetic path of the tense /æh/ class is a relatively superficial measure of African American participation in Philadelphia phonology. To obtain a more precise indication of the participation of African Americans in the system of Philadelphia phonology, we must consider the structural conditions that define the Philadelphia split between lax and tense short-a (Ferguson, 1975; Labov,
1989). The core set of conditions that require tense vowels are given as (1).

(1) In syllables closed with front nasals and voiceless fricatives /m, n, f, s, θ/:
ham, hand, past, half, bath, etc.
and in open syllables before inflectional suffixes: planning, passes, etc. and before /d/ in three affective adjectives: mad, bad, glad
but not in irregular verbs: ran, swam, began
and not in function words: am, an, and, can
and not in polysyllabic words with zero codas: aspirin, athletic, etc. and not in learned words: alas, haft, etc.

Results (Indonesian) 1:

GAMBAR 5. Lokal tertimbang analisis regresi dua ingliding Philadelphia suara perubahan oleh tanggal lahir dan ras. /æh/ pria, mandi, gila, dll, dan /oh/ dalam air, berbicara, off, dll = Afrika Amerika, n = 36; w = putih, n = 330. Abu-abu daerah = 95% confidence interval.Amerika yang mengikuti pola masyarakat putih; Sebaliknya, Afrika Amerika mengikuti pola invers, bergerak menuju target stigma tradisional bukan dari itu. Jumlah penutur muda lahir di1980-an terlalu kecil untuk menghasilkan hasil yang dapat diandalkan, sebagai daerah abu-abu diperbesar yang mewakili 95% confidence interval menunjukkan. Namun tidak satupun dari angka-angka ini menunjukkan Afrika Amerika yang berpartisipasi dalam pola perubahan suara Philadelphia putih.P RT SAYA C IP T IO N I N R T H E T D SAYA T IO NA L S HO RT - SPLIT Jalan fonetik kelas tegang /æh/ adalah ukuran yang relatif dangkal African American partisipasi dalam Philadelphia fonologi. Untuk mendapatkan indikasi partisipasi Afrika Amerika di dalam sistem Philadelphia fonologi bahasa yang lebih tepat, kita harus memperhatikan kondisi struktural yang mendefinisikan Philadelphia dibagi antara lax dan tegang pendek-a (Ferguson, 1975. Labov,1989). inti dari kondisi yang memerlukan tegang vokal serangkaian diberikan sebagai (1).(1) dalam suku kata ditutup dengan nasals depan dan afrikat fricatives /m, n, f, s, θ /:HAM, tangan, masa lalu, setengah, mandi, dll.and in open syllables before inflectional suffixes: planning, passes, etc. and before /d/ in three affective adjectives: mad, bad, gladbut not in irregular verbs: ran, swam, beganand not in function words: am, an, and, canand not in polysyllabic words with zero codas: aspirin, athletic, etc. and not in learned words: alas, haft, etc.