How can the observed differences in fine root turnover amongthe forest translation - How can the observed differences in fine root turnover amongthe forest Indonesian how to say

How can the observed differences in

How can the observed differences in fine root turnover among
the forest use types be explained? Given that root morphology
affects root maintenance and construction costs, faster fine root
turnover is expected in species with roots characterized by a high
SRA and low tissue density (Espeleta and Donovan, 2002) as well as
in roots characterized by small diameter and little lignification
(Eissenstat, 1992; Eissenstat et al., 2000; Wahl and Ryser, 2000;
Comas et al., 2002). High turnover values in the in the more heavily
disturbed forest types C and D were positively correlated with SRA.
A root system consisting of energetically less expensive roots may
not only re-allocate root length more rapidly in favourable soil
patches, but might also be more responsive to root pruning (e.g.
herbivory or mechanical disturbance) than root systems which
invest more in biomass and possibly more in defence compounds
(Eissenstat, 1991). Thus, a higher SRA and a more rapid root
turnover in the C stands and especially in the cacao agroforestry
plots (D) can be judged as an adaptation to the higher disturbance
levels in these stands.
Besides SRA and tissue density, N concentration of the roots and
mycorrhizal infection can also have a significant impact on fine
root dynamics. Tissue N is a key factor in understanding C costs of
maintaining fine roots (Pregitzer et al., 2002). Roots with high N
concentrations typically have higher respiration rates; therefore,
fine root construction and maintenance costs are inversely related
(Pregitzer et al., 1998, 2002), which affects fine root longevity. In
fact, Withington et al. (2006) found that root C:N ratio was the only
root characteristic that significantly correlated with fine root life
span for eleven temperate woody species tested in their study. As
already has been suggested by Comas et al. (2002), these authors
found that fast growing species had higher root N concentrations
and lower C:N ratios than slow growing species. We found
significantly higher N concentrations in the roots of the cacao
plantations compared to the roots of the forest stands and a
positive (though non-significant) relationship between fine root N
concentration and fine root turnover in the studied stands. Thus,
cacao trees replacing rainforest trees are likely to follow a rather
opportunistic strategy of high turnover of fine roots which are
characterized by high root tip frequencies, SRA and root N
concentrations, and thus result in relatively
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Bagaimana bisa diamati perbedaan halus akar omset antarajenis-jenis penggunaan hutan dijelaskan? Mengingat bahwa akar morfologimempengaruhi biaya pemeliharaan dan konstruksi akar, akar lebih cepat baikomset diharapkan dalam spesies dengan akar yang bercirikan tinggiSRA dan kepadatan rendah jaringan (Espeleta dan Donovan, 2002) sertadalam akar ditandai dengan diameter kecil dan sedikit lignification(Eissenstat, 1992; Eissenstat et al., 2000; Wahl dan Ryser, 2000;Comas et al., 2002). Omset tinggi nilai-nilai di dalam yang lebih beratterganggu hutan Jenis C dan D positif berkorelasi dengan SRA.Sistem akar yang terdiri dari akar penuh semangat kurang mahal mungkintidak hanya kembali mengalokasikan akar panjang lebih cepat di tanah yang menguntungkanpatch, tapi juga mungkin lebih responsif terhadap akar pemangkasan (misalnyaherbivory atau mekanis gangguan) daripada sistem akar yangberinvestasi lebih di biomassa dan mungkin lebih dalam senyawa pertahanan(Eissenstat, 1991). Dengan demikian, SRA lebih tinggi dan lebih cepat akaromset di tribun C dan khususnya di agroforestry kakaoPlot (D) bisa dinilai sebagai adaptasi terhadap gangguan lebih tinggitingkat ini berdiri.Selain SRA dan jaringan kepadatan, N konsentrasi akar danmikoriza infeksi juga dapat memiliki dampak yang signifikan pada baikdinamika akar. Jaringan N adalah faktor kunci dalam pemahaman C biayamenjaga baik akar (Pregitzer et al., 2002). Akar dengan N tinggikonsentrasi biasanya memiliki tingkat respirasi yang lebih tinggi; oleh karena itu,akar halus konstruksi dan biaya pemeliharaan yang berhubungan dengan terbalik(Pregitzer et al., 1998, 2002), yang mempengaruhi baik akar umur panjang. DalamBahkan, Inggris et al. (2006) menemukan bahwa rasio C:N akar adalah satu-satunyaKarakteristik akar yang signifikan berkorelasi dengan akar baik kehidupanRentang untuk sebelas spesies kayu yang beriklim sedang diuji dalam studi mereka. Sebagaisudah telah diusulkan oleh Comas et al. (2002), penulis inimenemukan bahwa cepat tumbuh spesies memiliki akar N konsentrasi yang lebih tinggidan rasio C:N lebih rendah daripada spesies tumbuh lambat. Kami menemukansecara signifikan lebih tinggi N konsentrasi di akar kakaodibandingkan dengan akar berdiri hutan perkebunan danhubungan positif (meskipun bebas-signifikan) antara akar baik Nkonsentrasi dan halus akar omset di tribun dipelajari. Dengan demikian,pohon kakao menggantikan pohon hutan hujan mengikuti agakoportunistik strategi perputaran tinggi baik akar yangditandai dengan frekuensi tinggi akar ujung, SRA dan akar Nkonsentrasi, dan dengan demikian mengakibatkan relatif
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How can the observed differences in fine root turnover among
the forest use types be explained? Given that root morphology
affects root maintenance and construction costs, faster fine root
turnover is expected in species with roots characterized by a high
SRA and low tissue density (Espeleta and Donovan, 2002) as well as
in roots characterized by small diameter and little lignification
(Eissenstat, 1992; Eissenstat et al., 2000; Wahl and Ryser, 2000;
Comas et al., 2002). High turnover values in the in the more heavily
disturbed forest types C and D were positively correlated with SRA.
A root system consisting of energetically less expensive roots may
not only re-allocate root length more rapidly in favourable soil
patches, but might also be more responsive to root pruning (e.g.
herbivory or mechanical disturbance) than root systems which
invest more in biomass and possibly more in defence compounds
(Eissenstat, 1991). Thus, a higher SRA and a more rapid root
turnover in the C stands and especially in the cacao agroforestry
plots (D) can be judged as an adaptation to the higher disturbance
levels in these stands.
Besides SRA and tissue density, N concentration of the roots and
mycorrhizal infection can also have a significant impact on fine
root dynamics. Tissue N is a key factor in understanding C costs of
maintaining fine roots (Pregitzer et al., 2002). Roots with high N
concentrations typically have higher respiration rates; therefore,
fine root construction and maintenance costs are inversely related
(Pregitzer et al., 1998, 2002), which affects fine root longevity. In
fact, Withington et al. (2006) found that root C:N ratio was the only
root characteristic that significantly correlated with fine root life
span for eleven temperate woody species tested in their study. As
already has been suggested by Comas et al. (2002), these authors
found that fast growing species had higher root N concentrations
and lower C:N ratios than slow growing species. We found
significantly higher N concentrations in the roots of the cacao
plantations compared to the roots of the forest stands and a
positive (though non-significant) relationship between fine root N
concentration and fine root turnover in the studied stands. Thus,
cacao trees replacing rainforest trees are likely to follow a rather
opportunistic strategy of high turnover of fine roots which are
characterized by high root tip frequencies, SRA and root N
concentrations, and thus result in relatively
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