MEASURES OF BIMO DAL ITY One useful index of this disjunct character i translation - MEASURES OF BIMO DAL ITY One useful index of this disjunct character i Indonesian how to say

MEASURES OF BIMO DAL ITY One useful

MEASURES OF BIMO DAL ITY

One useful index of this disjunct character is Ashman’s D in (2)—a measure of bimodality expressed by the absolute difference of the means divided by the square root of the average of the two standard deviations (Ashman, Bird, & Zepf, 1994; Gnedin, 2010).


(2)



D ; j m1 m2 j
[(s2 þ s2 =2]1=2

1 2


The value of D for distance along the front diagonal in Figure 7 is 3.439. For a clear separation like that of Jean B., bimodality ranges between 3 and 4.
Figure 8 displays the distribution of this bimodality measure for all PNC speakers with more than 7 tokens of /æh/, including 293 whites and 33 African American speakers. The range is from close to 0.02 to 7.91. It is evident that the black columns are heavily concentrated in the lower end of the distribution. From the diagram, it would appear that the African American speakers have absorbed the short-a system of one particular subtype of the white mainstream pattern, presumably the people they are in closest contact with. But this proves to be an understatement of the differences. The whites with low bimodality are actually those found by LRF to have switched abruptly from the traditional split short-a system to the nasal system, in which all short-a before nasal consonants are fronted and raised along the front diagonal and all others are retained in low front position (Labov et al., 2006:174–175). This shift to the nasal system is most characteristic of college students in nationally oriented universities and high school students oriented in that direction. Figure 9 shows the two aspects of this conversion from the traditional Philadelphia system in the speech of a Penn
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UKURAN BIMO DAL ITY Indeks berguna satu karakter sebaran ini adalah Ashman's D di (2)-ukuran bimodality yang diungkapkan oleh perbedaan mutlak sarana dibagi dengan akar kuadrat dari rata-rata dua standar deviasi (Ashman, burung, & Zepf, 1994; Gnedin, 2010). (2) D; j m1 m2 j [(s2 þ s2 = 2] 1 = 2 1 2Nilai d untuk kaki, di sepanjang bagian depan diagonal di gambar 7 adalah 3.439. Untuk pemisahan jelas seperti Jean B., bimodality berkisar antara 3 dan 4.Gambar 8 menampilkan distribusi ukuran bimodality ini untuk semua pembicara PNC dengan lebih dari 7 tanda-tanda/æh /, termasuk 293 putih dan 33 African American speaker. Rentang ini dari dekat 0.02 untuk 7. 91. Hal ini jelas bahwa kolom Hitam terkonsentrasi di ujung bawah distribusi. Dari diagram, itu akan muncul bahwa speaker African American telah diserap pendek-a sistem salah satu subtipe tertentu dari pola arus utama putih, mungkin orang-orang yang mereka berada dalam kontak dekat dengan. Tapi ini membuktikan menjadi meremehkan perbedaan. Putih dengan rendah bimodality adalah benar-benar mereka ditemukan oleh LRF telah diaktifkan tiba-tiba dari split tradisional pendek-sebuah sistem untuk sistem hidung, di mana semua pendek-a sebelum konsonan sengau fronted dan mengangkat sepanjang bagian depan diagonal dan semua yang lain akan tetap sama di posisi depan rendah (Labov et al., 2006:174-175). Pergeseran ini kepada sistem hidung adalah paling karakteristik mahasiswa di Universitas-Universitas Nasional berorientasi dan siswa sekolah menengah yang berorientasi arah itu. Gambar 9 menunjukkan dua aspek ini konversi dari sistem Philadelphia tradisional dalam pidato Penn
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