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However, despite these important successes, it is also apparent that such introgression breeding efforts are risky and much effort has been spent in breeding programs without commercial success. Roach (1984,1989) listed potential problems associated with introgression breeding in sugarcane. A basic problem with introgression breeding in any species is that exotic, unadapted genotypes donate inferior alleles, in addition to potentially favourable components, and it is difficult and time consuming to separate these components during breeding. The use of DNA markers to help tag desirable and undesirable genes in exotic germplasm has been suggested as one means to improve introgression breeding in the future in many species (Tanksley and McCouch, 1997) including sugarcane (Aitken et al., 2002). However, the breeding system and complex genome of sugarcane presents some special challenges in this respect compared with many other crop species.Most sugarcane breeding programs currently operate on the basis of some form of the general recurrent selection scheme. Crosses are made between parents which have been selected either on the basis of favourable performance in field trials and/or have produced elite progeny clones in the past (Heinz and Tew, 1987). Progeny arising from these crosses are entered into a multi-stage selection system (Skinner et al., 1987), where the main selection criteria aregenerally cane yield, sucrose content, and disease resistance. Elite clones that offer greater profitability than cultivars already used commercially are released. A larger number of clones with good performance are also kept for use and evaluation as parents as part of the recurrent cycle. While breeding programs differ in their choice of details of selection system design, and criteria for selecting parents, this general scheme is the basis of most programs.
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