we model a firm’s output decision explicitly. In particular, we assume that firms have the flexibility to adjust their output levels in response to realized production costs after making their investment choices. Within this setting, the volatility of cash flows, which affect investment and in turn production costs, can benefit firms that have the flexibility to produce more when costs are low and less when costs are high. We show that because of this flexibility, a firm’s profit function can be convex in investment, which provides financially constrained firms an incentive not to hedge.