Along with the surface properties, surface composition and
roughness have also been considered as the most important
parameters for altering cell activity [19]. The cellular response to
titanium depends on the surface chemical composition, and the
ability of titanium oxides to absorb molecules and incorporate elements
[20]. Surface characteristics play a primary role in variable
cell behavior, e.g. the shape, orientation and adhesion of cells
[21,22]. As a surface comes in contact with biological tissues,
water molecules reach the surface first. Hence initially, surface