Overview
Addictive disorders, such as substance abuse and dependence, are common disorders that involve the overuse of alcohol or drugs. Addiction develops over time and is a chronic and relapsing illness.
There are three different terms used to define substance-related addictive disorders:
Substance abuse
Substance abuse is an addictive disorder that describes a pattern of substance (usually drug or alcohol) use leading to significant problems or distress, such as failure to attend school, substance use in dangerous situations (eg, driving a car), substance-related legal problems or continued substance use that interferes with friendships and/or family relationships. Substance abuse, as a disorder, refers to the abuse of illegal substances or the abusive use of legal substances. Alcohol is the most common legal drug to be abused.
Substance dependence
Substance dependence is an addictive disorder that describes continued use of drugs or alcohol, even when significant problems related to their use have developed. Signs include an increased tolerance — that is, the need for increased amounts of the substance to attain the desired effect; withdrawal symptoms with decreased use; unsuccessful efforts to decrease use; increased time spent in activities to obtain the substance; withdrawal from social and recreational activities; and continued use of the substance even with awareness of the physical or psychological problems encountered by the extent of substance use.
Chemical dependence
Chemical dependence is also an addictive disorder that describes the compulsive use of chemicals (usually drugs or alcohol) and the inability to stop using them despite all the problems caused by their use.
The substances frequently abused, particularly by adolescents with addictive disorders, include, but are not limited to, the following:
Alcohol
Marijuana
Hallucinogens
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Opiates
Anabolic steroids
Inhalants
Methamphetamine
Tobacco
Symptoms
People with addictive disorders may experience symptoms differently. Some typical symptoms of addictive disorders may include:
Getting high on drugs or getting intoxicated (drunk) on a regular basis
Lying, especially about how much they are using or drinking
Avoiding friends and family members
Giving up activities they used to enjoy, such as sports or spending time with non-using friends
Talking a lot about using drugs or alcohol
Believing they need to use or drink in order to have fun
Pressuring others to use or drink
Getting in trouble with the law
Taking risks, such as sexual risks or driving under the influence of a substance
Suspension/expulsion from school or being fired from work for a substance-related incident
Missing school or work due to substance use
Depressed, hopeless or suicidal feelings
Causes
Addictive disorders are caused by multiple factors, including genetic vulnerability, environmental stressors, social pressures, individual personality characteristics and psychiatric problems.
From a neurological standpoint, addictive disorders arise when a substance changes the way the user’s brain feels pleasure. Addictive substances alter the brain’s ability to send and receive chemicals called neurotransmitters, which cause pleasure. The addictive substances can prevent nerves in the brain called neurons from receiving these pleasure chemicals, meaning the drug user relies on the drug, rather than his or her natural brain chemicals, for feelings of pleasure.
Most of the knowledge available regarding substance use and abuse comes from studying adult populations. A lack of research studying young adult substance use and abuse leaves questions concerning how it differs from substance abuse in other age groups unanswered.
Some adolescents are more at risk of developing addictive disorders, including adolescents with one or more of the following conditions present:
Children of substance abusers
Adolescents who are victims of physical, sexual or psychological abuse
Adolescents with mental health problems, especially depressed and suicidal teens
Physically disabled adolescents
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ภาพรวมโรคเสพติด ละเมิดสิทธิสารและพึ่งพา โรคทั่วไปที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ overuse ของแอลกอฮอล์หรือยาเสพติดได้ ยาเสพติดพัฒนาช่วงเวลา และเป็นโรคเรื้อรัง และ relapsingมีเงื่อนไขแตกต่างกันสามที่ใช้ในการกำหนดที่เกี่ยวข้องกับสารเสพติดโรค:ละเมิดสิทธิสารละเมิดสิทธิสารเป็นโรคเสพติดการที่อธิบายรูปแบบของสาร (โดยปกติแล้วยาหรือแอลกอฮอล์) นำไปสู่ความทุกข์ เช่นความล้มเหลวในการเข้าเรียนในโรงเรียน สารใช้ในสถานการณ์หรือปัญหาสำคัญ (เช่น การขับรถ), ปัญหาทางกฎหมายเกี่ยวกับสารหรือใช้ต่อสารที่รบกวนการมิตรภาพหรือความสัมพันธ์ในครอบครัว ละเมิดสิทธิสาร เป็นความผิดปกติ หมายถึงการละเมิดของสารที่ไม่ถูกต้องหรือการใช้คำผรุสวาทของสารทางกฎหมาย แอลกอฮอล์คือ ยาเสพติดตามกฎหมายทั่วไปจะถูกพึ่งพาสารพึ่งพาสารเป็นโรคเสพติดการที่อธิบายการใช้ยาหรือแอลกอฮอล์ ปัญหาที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการใช้แม้เมื่อสำคัญได้มีพัฒนา สัญญาณรวมถึงการยอมรับเพิ่มขึ้นซึ่งนั่นคือ ต้องการเพิ่มจำนวนสารบรรลุผลที่ต้องการ อาการถอนกับการใช้ลดลง ไม่สำเร็จพยายามลดใช้ เพิ่มเวลากิจกรรมจะได้รับสาร ถอนตัวจากกิจกรรมเพื่อสังคม และนันทนาการ และใช้สารอย่างต่อเนื่องแม้จะ มีความตระหนักของปัญหาทางกายภาพ หรือทางจิตใจที่พบ โดยขอบเขตของการใช้สารChemical dependenceChemical dependence is also an addictive disorder that describes the compulsive use of chemicals (usually drugs or alcohol) and the inability to stop using them despite all the problems caused by their use.The substances frequently abused, particularly by adolescents with addictive disorders, include, but are not limited to, the following:AlcoholMarijuanaHallucinogensCocaineAmphetaminesOpiatesAnabolic steroidsInhalantsMethamphetamineTobaccoSymptomsPeople with addictive disorders may experience symptoms differently. Some typical symptoms of addictive disorders may include:Getting high on drugs or getting intoxicated (drunk) on a regular basisLying, especially about how much they are using or drinkingAvoiding friends and family membersGiving up activities they used to enjoy, such as sports or spending time with non-using friendsTalking a lot about using drugs or alcoholBelieving they need to use or drink in order to have funPressuring others to use or drinkGetting in trouble with the lawTaking risks, such as sexual risks or driving under the influence of a substanceSuspension/expulsion from school or being fired from work for a substance-related incidentMissing school or work due to substance useDepressed, hopeless or suicidal feelings CausesAddictive disorders are caused by multiple factors, including genetic vulnerability, environmental stressors, social pressures, individual personality characteristics and psychiatric problems.From a neurological standpoint, addictive disorders arise when a substance changes the way the user’s brain feels pleasure. Addictive substances alter the brain’s ability to send and receive chemicals called neurotransmitters, which cause pleasure. The addictive substances can prevent nerves in the brain called neurons from receiving these pleasure chemicals, meaning the drug user relies on the drug, rather than his or her natural brain chemicals, for feelings of pleasure.Most of the knowledge available regarding substance use and abuse comes from studying adult populations. A lack of research studying young adult substance use and abuse leaves questions concerning how it differs from substance abuse in other age groups unanswered.Some adolescents are more at risk of developing addictive disorders, including adolescents with one or more of the following conditions present:Children of substance abusersAdolescents who are victims of physical, sexual or psychological abuseAdolescents with mental health problems, especially depressed and suicidal teensPhysically disabled adolescents
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