Further studies report findings that contest the claim that standards-based mathematics
poses an obvious disadvantage to some students. In the study by Carroll (1997) discussed
previously which compared student performance on the IGAP, out of 26 schools in the study, the
3 with the highest percentages of low-income populations scored well above the mean score in
the study, the state’s mean, and the mean of the wealthiest county in Illinois using traditional
mathematics. Outstandingly, only 2% of students did not meet the state goal, which Carroll