In practice, APS and state regulators’ standards for “substantiating” or “confirming” a case vary substantially from state to state, locale to locale, and even employee to employee. Such professionals rarely have training in elder sexual assault, in how to collect forensic evidence, or in how to conduct victim and suspect interviews. They rarely have access to expert consultants, nor do they have subpoena authority or grand juries to assist them in their investigations. In addition, APS in particular is dramatically underfunded, lacks training, uniform guidance, or practices. These factors often undermine its ability to fulfill its ability to fulfill its mission.