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dependent family members (71.3%). Approximately half thesample had bachelor-level nursing education (47.5%), whileonly three respondents had completed postgraduate educa-tion. The sample included nurses with a range of clinicalexperience and length of service in their hospital and currentward. Most nurses reported working overtime in the previousweek, with a significant minority (28.2%) working more than10 h.The majority of the sample (88.3%) had a typical patientload of seven or more during a normal day shift. Mostworked a three rotating shift roster (70.9%), an average totalof 18.2 (SD 2.9) shifts per month, most being day shifts(59.0%).Nursing practice environmentSummary statistics for the PES-NWI and three studyoutcome variables are presented in Table 2. The mean com-posite score of the PES-NWI was 2.61 (SD 0.35) on afour-point scale. Four of the five mean subscale scores wereabove the midpoint of 2.5 indicating a favorable work envi-ronment overall (Lake & Friese, 2006). The highest meansubscale scores were for collegial nurse–physician relations(2.84) and nurse manager ability, leadership, and support ofnurses (2.82). the only subscale to fall below the midpoint wasstaffing and resource adequacy (1.94). Nurse-rated ability toprovide quality nursing care was 2.4 (SD 0.6) on a four-point scale. The mean scores for quality of patient care andward morale were 5.6 (SD 1.8) and 5.0 (SD 1.9) on an11 จุดขนาดตามลำดับ
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