Budgeting and strategyA Kraft Foods UK case studyPage 1: What is a bud translation - Budgeting and strategyA Kraft Foods UK case studyPage 1: What is a bud Indonesian how to say

Budgeting and strategyA Kraft Foods

Budgeting and strategy
A Kraft Foods UK case study
Page 1: What is a budget?
A budget is a financial plan that sets out, using figures, an organisation's expected future results. For planning purposes, organisations can use many different types of budgets. For example:
• Income and expenditure budgets. These show how much an organisation expects to receive and to spend in future periods.
• Production budgets. These set out how much an organisation must produce in coming periods of time in order to meet demand.
• Profit budgets. These bring together planned sales, costs, and profit figures.
By creating budgets, managers can:
• set out a clear plan, involving target figures for defined periods of time
• communicate their targets clearly
• motivate employees to achieve these targets
• control performance by monitoring actual outcomes against planned targets
• meet the organisation's objectives.
This case study illustrates how Kraft Foods uses budgets to enable it to meet business objectives related to financial performance with a view to achieving its vision: to become 'the undisputed global food leader.'
Kraft has several important objectives related to its vision. These include:
• being the employer of choice
• being a food industry high performer
• becoming an indispensable partner to customers
• being a responsible organisation and a positive force in the communities in which Kraft employees live, work and make its products
• remain focused and innovative.
Budgets help Kraft to meet these objectives in a planned forward-thinking way.
Budgets are created through consultation with all areas of the business, to achieve a shared understanding about objectives for the future visions of their teams. The Finance team supports and contributes to the work generated by other business functions to build and secure their support for the budget.
To be effective Kraft recognises that a budget must be challenging but also realistic, so that people feel it can be achieved and is worth working towards. One important element is to identify cost savings that can be re-invested to continue to grow Kraft's powerbrands and to develop its people. Reducing costs by eliminating waste is vital in the modern food industry which is driven by price competition and consolidation in the retail sector.

Page 2: Kraft´s income and expenses budget
A typical budget:
• relates to a defined time period (usually twelve months)
• is designed and approved well in advance of the period to which it relates
• shows expected income and expenditure - income is the amount of money a business receives from its sales.
• includes all capital expenses likely to be incurred in furthering the organisation's objectives - expenses are the costs incurred in order to make those sales.
To help control expenditure the Finance team collates the costs of the business in relevant groups called cost centres, so that analysis can be meaningful and also well controlled by those directly responsible for authorising the spend.
Many companies, including Kraft, use cost centres that relate to particular factories or production units. Within Kraft each manager is assigned clear responsibility for governing the costs which are allocated to his/her cost centre.
The budgeting process enables Kraft to make clear plans for individual cost centres, which build the budget for the whole organisation. The whole purpose of this exercise is to quantify the likely future costs of the whole operation, whilst always maintaining focus on the future plans for the company.
Kraft sells its wide portfolio of products to a variety of different customers; ranging from the corner shop, to the cash and carry and large multinational supermarket chains. In doing so, it incurs:
• raw material costs and production costs to manufacture the products to sell
• marketing expenses associated with any promotional activity including media advertising
• selling expenses involved in selling its goods into supermarkets and other customers
• distribution expenses when transporting the products from its European and UK factories to the customer.
The starting point for building a budget is to forecast the likely sales based on historical information in conjunction with Kraft's and third party understanding of the business environment. This indicates what quantities of products need to be produced and the timing of manufacture.
With these figures in place, budgets can then be allocated for costs relating to sales, marketing and administration, and figures established for the likely costs of storing and transporting the goods (i.e. distribution). These details provide data for relevant departments (e.g. sales, administration etc). Figures can then be inserted for likely capital expenses. The final stage is to construct a budgeted profit and loss account and balance sheet.
Once the budget has been set and agreed by the management teams within Kraft, it becomes the mechanism through which managers monitor progress on a particular business component (for example, a brand, or factory) or on total company performance.


Page 3: The importance of feedback
The budgeting process is a cycle of ongoing review and monitoring. Every month, Kraft uses variance analysis to identify deviations within the monthly result. A variance is the difference between the budgeted figure and the actual figure.
Variances can be favourable or adverse. For example, if actual sales income was greater than budget, this would be a favourable variance. On the other hand, if actual expenses were greater than budget, this would be an adverse variance.
By monitoring performance monthly, it is possible to alert cost centre managers to variances so that they can take appropriate corrective action or justify the new level of spend. At all stages the Senior Management team of Kraft is fully aware of any material variances that are derived from comparing actual spend vs budgeted figures.
Periodic reviews which are organised by the Budget Accountant, allow there to be a forum within which any feedback can be given on current actual spend vs plan, ensure that it is possible to reforecast the plan or alter current activity.
• Single loop feedback involves making correction to current activities in order to 'get back on course'.
• Double loop feedback involves amending the original plans so that they more accurately reflect current business reality.
In a company like Kraft, this ability to amend the budget is an important aspect of management. Kraft's operating environment is subject to rapid change, for example, in consumer demand patterns, in production technology, in competitor activity. So Kraft has to remain flexible and ready to respond to any challenges that it faces. Any one budget may be altered a number of times during a year, although there would always be a considered reason for doing so.


Page 4: Constructing an expense budget
Each cost centre budget is seen as part of an overall plan designed to meet company objectives. Constructing cost centres' individual budgets involves detailed consultation about company objectives, marketing objectives and relevant income and expense projections. These can be brought into line and match changes in the external business environment.
Using this as a basis it is a reasonably straightforward exercise to calculate other expenses, including the number of people (and their remuneration packages, such as pension expenses, national insurance, travel costs) required to run a particular part of the business.
In the modern business world the rate of change is such that it is impossible to have a clear picture of the future. Inevitably it takes time to build the 'big picture' from lots of small, shifting scenarios relating to individual cost centre budgets. Budgeting may be difficult, but it is essential for a business to stay in control and 'ahead of the game'.


Page 5: Advantages and disadvantages of expense budgeting
Budgeting provides organisations with detailed analysis of future and current proposed spending patterns, enabling much better control (by responding to variances). Performance can be analysed quantitatively (in numbers), making it possible to measure financial success. Measurement of results can serve as a motivational tool for many employees.
Budget analysis also makes it possible to identify unnecessary costs that can be removed so as to focus funds on value adding activities. Kraft uses budgetary control to remain focused on the hard (quantitative) and soft (qualitative) benefits of re-distributing spend.
However, it is important to keep sight of the organisation's long term goals to avoid the risk that budgeting might lead to short-term focus on financial results. This could foster cost cutting exercises at the expense of strategy. In the worst case, individual managers may pursue exclusively their own narrow goals rather than business wide ones.
If individual managers are not happy with the budget they may co-operate poorly, so it is important to have detailed discussions to achieve collective agreement. This is why Kraft as an organisation retains a consultative approach to constructing budgets.


Page 6: Alternative types of budgeting
There are a number of budgeting types to choose from. Kraft uses a mix of the following.
i. Zero based budgeting
In a dynamic business it often makes sense to 'start afresh' when developing a budget rather than basing ideas too much on past performance. This is appropriate to Kraft because the organisation is continually seeking to innovate. Each budget is therefore constructed without much reference to previous budgets. In this way, change is built into budget thinking.

ii. Strategic budgeting
This involves identifying new, emerging opportunities, and then building plans to take full advantage of them. This is closely related to zero based budgeting and helps Kraft to concentrate on gaining competitive advantage.
iii. Rolling budgets
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Budgeting and strategyA Kraft Foods UK case studyPage 1: What is a budget?A budget is a financial plan that sets out, using figures, an organisation's expected future results. For planning purposes, organisations can use many different types of budgets. For example:• Income and expenditure budgets. These show how much an organisation expects to receive and to spend in future periods.• Production budgets. These set out how much an organisation must produce in coming periods of time in order to meet demand.• Profit budgets. These bring together planned sales, costs, and profit figures.By creating budgets, managers can:• set out a clear plan, involving target figures for defined periods of time• communicate their targets clearly• motivate employees to achieve these targets• control performance by monitoring actual outcomes against planned targets• meet the organisation's objectives.This case study illustrates how Kraft Foods uses budgets to enable it to meet business objectives related to financial performance with a view to achieving its vision: to become 'the undisputed global food leader.' Kraft has several important objectives related to its vision. These include:• being the employer of choice• being a food industry high performer• becoming an indispensable partner to customers• being a responsible organisation and a positive force in the communities in which Kraft employees live, work and make its products• remain focused and innovative.Budgets help Kraft to meet these objectives in a planned forward-thinking way.Budgets are created through consultation with all areas of the business, to achieve a shared understanding about objectives for the future visions of their teams. The Finance team supports and contributes to the work generated by other business functions to build and secure their support for the budget.To be effective Kraft recognises that a budget must be challenging but also realistic, so that people feel it can be achieved and is worth working towards. One important element is to identify cost savings that can be re-invested to continue to grow Kraft's powerbrands and to develop its people. Reducing costs by eliminating waste is vital in the modern food industry which is driven by price competition and consolidation in the retail sector.Page 2: Kraft´s income and expenses budgetA typical budget:• relates to a defined time period (usually twelve months)• is designed and approved well in advance of the period to which it relates• shows expected income and expenditure - income is the amount of money a business receives from its sales.• includes all capital expenses likely to be incurred in furthering the organisation's objectives - expenses are the costs incurred in order to make those sales.To help control expenditure the Finance team collates the costs of the business in relevant groups called cost centres, so that analysis can be meaningful and also well controlled by those directly responsible for authorising the spend.Many companies, including Kraft, use cost centres that relate to particular factories or production units. Within Kraft each manager is assigned clear responsibility for governing the costs which are allocated to his/her cost centre.The budgeting process enables Kraft to make clear plans for individual cost centres, which build the budget for the whole organisation. The whole purpose of this exercise is to quantify the likely future costs of the whole operation, whilst always maintaining focus on the future plans for the company.Kraft sells its wide portfolio of products to a variety of different customers; ranging from the corner shop, to the cash and carry and large multinational supermarket chains. In doing so, it incurs:• raw material costs and production costs to manufacture the products to sell• marketing expenses associated with any promotional activity including media advertising• selling expenses involved in selling its goods into supermarkets and other customers• distribution expenses when transporting the products from its European and UK factories to the customer. The starting point for building a budget is to forecast the likely sales based on historical information in conjunction with Kraft's and third party understanding of the business environment. This indicates what quantities of products need to be produced and the timing of manufacture.With these figures in place, budgets can then be allocated for costs relating to sales, marketing and administration, and figures established for the likely costs of storing and transporting the goods (i.e. distribution). These details provide data for relevant departments (e.g. sales, administration etc). Figures can then be inserted for likely capital expenses. The final stage is to construct a budgeted profit and loss account and balance sheet.Once the budget has been set and agreed by the management teams within Kraft, it becomes the mechanism through which managers monitor progress on a particular business component (for example, a brand, or factory) or on total company performance.Page 3: The importance of feedbackThe budgeting process is a cycle of ongoing review and monitoring. Every month, Kraft uses variance analysis to identify deviations within the monthly result. A variance is the difference between the budgeted figure and the actual figure.Variances can be favourable or adverse. For example, if actual sales income was greater than budget, this would be a favourable variance. On the other hand, if actual expenses were greater than budget, this would be an adverse variance. By monitoring performance monthly, it is possible to alert cost centre managers to variances so that they can take appropriate corrective action or justify the new level of spend. At all stages the Senior Management team of Kraft is fully aware of any material variances that are derived from comparing actual spend vs budgeted figures.
Periodic reviews which are organised by the Budget Accountant, allow there to be a forum within which any feedback can be given on current actual spend vs plan, ensure that it is possible to reforecast the plan or alter current activity.
• Single loop feedback involves making correction to current activities in order to 'get back on course'.
• Double loop feedback involves amending the original plans so that they more accurately reflect current business reality.
In a company like Kraft, this ability to amend the budget is an important aspect of management. Kraft's operating environment is subject to rapid change, for example, in consumer demand patterns, in production technology, in competitor activity. So Kraft has to remain flexible and ready to respond to any challenges that it faces. Any one budget may be altered a number of times during a year, although there would always be a considered reason for doing so.


Page 4: Constructing an expense budget
Each cost centre budget is seen as part of an overall plan designed to meet company objectives. Constructing cost centres' individual budgets involves detailed consultation about company objectives, marketing objectives and relevant income and expense projections. These can be brought into line and match changes in the external business environment.
Using this as a basis it is a reasonably straightforward exercise to calculate other expenses, including the number of people (and their remuneration packages, such as pension expenses, national insurance, travel costs) required to run a particular part of the business.
In the modern business world the rate of change is such that it is impossible to have a clear picture of the future. Inevitably it takes time to build the 'big picture' from lots of small, shifting scenarios relating to individual cost centre budgets. Budgeting may be difficult, but it is essential for a business to stay in control and 'ahead of the game'.


Page 5: Advantages and disadvantages of expense budgeting
Budgeting provides organisations with detailed analysis of future and current proposed spending patterns, enabling much better control (by responding to variances). Performance can be analysed quantitatively (in numbers), making it possible to measure financial success. Measurement of results can serve as a motivational tool for many employees.
Budget analysis also makes it possible to identify unnecessary costs that can be removed so as to focus funds on value adding activities. Kraft uses budgetary control to remain focused on the hard (quantitative) and soft (qualitative) benefits of re-distributing spend.
However, it is important to keep sight of the organisation's long term goals to avoid the risk that budgeting might lead to short-term focus on financial results. This could foster cost cutting exercises at the expense of strategy. In the worst case, individual managers may pursue exclusively their own narrow goals rather than business wide ones.
If individual managers are not happy with the budget they may co-operate poorly, so it is important to have detailed discussions to achieve collective agreement. This is why Kraft as an organisation retains a consultative approach to constructing budgets.


Page 6: Alternative types of budgeting
There are a number of budgeting types to choose from. Kraft uses a mix of the following.
i. Zero based budgeting
In a dynamic business it often makes sense to 'start afresh' when developing a budget rather than basing ideas too much on past performance. This is appropriate to Kraft because the organisation is continually seeking to innovate. Each budget is therefore constructed without much reference to previous budgets. In this way, change is built into budget thinking.

ii. Strategic budgeting
This involves identifying new, emerging opportunities, and then building plans to take full advantage of them. This is closely related to zero based budgeting and helps Kraft to concentrate on gaining competitive advantage.
iii. Rolling budgets
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Penganggaran dan strategi
A Kraft Foods Inggris studi kasus
Page 1: Apa anggaran?
Anggaran adalah rencana keuangan yang menetapkan, menggunakan angka, hasil yang diharapkan di masa depan organisasi. Untuk tujuan perencanaan, organisasi dapat menggunakan berbagai jenis anggaran. Sebagai contoh:
• Pendapatan dan pengeluaran anggaran. Ini menunjukkan berapa banyak organisasi mengharapkan untuk menerima dan menghabiskan di masa mendatang.
• anggaran Produksi. Ini menetapkan berapa banyak organisasi harus memproduksi dalam periode waktu mendatang dalam rangka untuk memenuhi permintaan.
• anggaran Profit. Ini membawa bersama-sama merencanakan penjualan, biaya, dan tokoh keuntungan.
Dengan membuat anggaran, manajer dapat:
• menetapkan rencana yang jelas, melibatkan tokoh sasaran untuk jangka waktu tertentu
• berkomunikasi target mereka jelas
• memotivasi karyawan untuk mencapai target tersebut
• kinerja kontrol dengan pemantauan hasil aktual terhadap target yang
direncanakan. • memenuhi tujuan organisasi
Studi kasus ini menggambarkan bagaimana Kraft Foods menggunakan anggaran untuk memungkinkan untuk memenuhi tujuan bisnis yang terkait dengan kinerja keuangan dengan maksud untuk mencapai visinya: '. pemimpin pangan global yang tak perlu' untuk menjadi
Kraft memiliki beberapa tujuan penting yang berkaitan dengan visi. Ini termasuk:
• menjadi perusahaan pilihan
• menjadi industri makanan berkinerja tinggi
• menjadi mitra yang sangat diperlukan untuk pelanggan
• menjadi organisasi yang bertanggung jawab dan kekuatan positif di masyarakat di mana karyawan Kraft hidup, bekerja dan membuat produk-produknya
• tetap fokus dan inovatif.
Anggaran membantu Kraft untuk memenuhi tujuan tersebut secara terencana cara berpikiran maju.
Anggaran diciptakan melalui konsultasi dengan semua bidang bisnis, untuk mencapai pemahaman bersama tentang tujuan untuk visi masa depan tim mereka. Tim Keuangan mendukung dan memberikan kontribusi untuk pekerjaan yang dihasilkan oleh fungsi bisnis lainnya untuk membangun dan mengamankan dukungan mereka untuk anggaran.
Agar efektif Kraft mengakui bahwa anggaran harus menantang tetapi juga realistis, sehingga orang merasa itu dapat dicapai dan bernilai bekerja menuju. Salah satu elemen penting adalah untuk mengidentifikasi penghematan biaya yang dapat diinvestasikan kembali untuk terus tumbuh powerbrands Kraft dan mengembangkan orang-orangnya. Mengurangi biaya dengan menghilangkan limbah sangat penting dalam industri makanan modern yang didorong oleh persaingan harga dan konsolidasi di sektor ritel. Page 2: pendapatan dan pengeluaran Kraft's anggaran Anggaran khas: • berhubungan dengan jangka waktu yang ditetapkan (biasanya dua belas bulan ) • dirancang dan disetujui baik di muka periode yang berkaitan • menunjukkan diharapkan pendapatan dan pengeluaran -. Pendapatan adalah jumlah uang bisnis menerima dari penjualan • mencakup semua biaya modal kemungkinan yang akan terjadi dalam memajukan tujuan organisasi - biaya adalah biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk membuat orang-orang penjualan. Untuk membantu pengeluaran kendali tim Keuangan collates biaya bisnis dalam kelompok yang relevan disebut pusat biaya, sehingga analisis yang dapat bermakna dan juga terkontrol dengan baik oleh orang-orang langsung bertanggung jawab untuk otorisasi menghabiskan. Banyak perusahaan, termasuk Kraft, menggunakan pusat biaya yang berhubungan dengan pabrik tertentu atau unit produksi. Dalam Kraft setiap manajer ditugaskan tanggung jawab yang jelas untuk mengatur biaya yang dialokasikan untuk / pusat nya biaya. Proses penganggaran memungkinkan Kraft untuk membuat rencana yang jelas untuk pusat biaya individu, yang membangun anggaran untuk seluruh organisasi. Seluruh tujuan dari latihan ini adalah untuk mengukur biaya masa depan kemungkinan seluruh operasi, sementara selalu menjaga fokus pada rencana masa depan bagi perusahaan. Kraft menjual portofolio luas produk untuk berbagai pelanggan yang berbeda; mulai dari sudut toko, kas dan membawa dan jaringan supermarket multinasional besar. Dengan demikian, hal itu menimbulkan: • biaya bahan baku dan biaya produksi untuk memproduksi produk untuk dijual • biaya pemasaran yang terkait dengan kegiatan promosi termasuk iklan media • beban penjualan yang terlibat dalam menjual barang ke dalam supermarket dan pelanggan lainnya • biaya distribusi ketika mengangkut produk dari pabrik-pabrik yang Eropa dan Inggris untuk pelanggan. Titik awal untuk membangun anggaran adalah untuk meramalkan penjualan cenderung berdasarkan informasi historis dalam hubungannya dengan Kraft dan pemahaman pihak ketiga dari lingkungan bisnis. Hal ini menunjukkan apa kuantitas produk harus diproduksi dan waktu pembuatan. Dengan angka ini di tempat, anggaran kemudian dapat dialokasikan untuk biaya yang berkaitan dengan penjualan, pemasaran dan administrasi, dan tokoh didirikan untuk biaya kemungkinan menyimpan dan mengangkut barang (yaitu distribusi). Rincian ini menyediakan data untuk departemen terkait (misalnya penjualan, administrasi dll). Angka kemudian dapat dimasukkan untuk biaya modal mungkin. Tahap akhir adalah untuk membangun sebuah laba rugi dianggarkan dan neraca. Setelah anggaran telah ditetapkan dan disepakati oleh tim manajemen dalam Kraft, menjadi mekanisme melalui mana manajer memantau kemajuan pada komponen bisnis tertentu (misalnya, . merek, atau pabrik) atau total kinerja perusahaan Page 3: Pentingnya umpan balik Proses penganggaran merupakan siklus review dan pemantauan. Setiap bulan, Kraft menggunakan analisis varians untuk mengidentifikasi penyimpangan dalam hasil bulanan. Sebuah varians adalah perbedaan antara sosok dianggarkan dan angka sebenarnya. Varians dapat menguntungkan atau merugikan. Sebagai contoh, jika pendapatan penjualan aktual lebih besar dari anggaran, ini akan menjadi varian yang menguntungkan. Di sisi lain, jika biaya aktual lebih besar dari anggaran, ini akan menjadi varian yang merugikan. Dengan memonitor kinerja bulanan, adalah mungkin untuk mengingatkan manajer pusat biaya untuk varians sehingga mereka dapat mengambil tindakan korektif yang tepat atau membenarkan tingkat baru belanja . Pada semua tahap tim Manajemen Senior dari Kraft sepenuhnya mengetahui adanya variasi bahan yang berasal dari membandingkan belanja sebenarnya vs angka yang dianggarkan. Ulasan periodik yang diselenggarakan oleh Anggaran Akuntan, memungkinkan ada menjadi forum di mana umpan balik dapat diberikan pada belanja sebenarnya saat vs rencana, memastikan bahwa adalah mungkin untuk reforecast rencana atau mengubah aktivitas saat ini. • Single umpan balik melibatkan membuat koreksi kegiatan saat ini untuk 'kembali ke lapangan'. • lingkaran ganda umpan balik melibatkan mengubah rencana asli sehingga mereka lebih akurat mencerminkan realitas bisnis saat ini. Dalam perusahaan seperti Kraft, kemampuan untuk mengubah anggaran merupakan aspek penting dari manajemen. Lingkungan operasi Kraft tunduk pada perubahan yang cepat, misalnya, dalam pola permintaan konsumen, teknologi produksi, dalam kegiatan pesaing. Jadi Kraft harus tetap fleksibel dan siap untuk menanggapi setiap tantangan yang dihadapinya. Setiap anggaran satu dapat diubah beberapa kali selama setahun, meskipun akan selalu ada alasan dipertimbangkan untuk melakukannya. Page 4: Membangun anggaran biaya Setiap anggaran pusat biaya dipandang sebagai bagian dari rencana keseluruhan dirancang untuk memenuhi tujuan perusahaan . Membangun anggaran individu pusat biaya 'melibatkan konsultasi rinci tentang tujuan perusahaan, tujuan pemasaran dan proyeksi pendapatan dan biaya yang relevan. Ini dapat dibawa ke dalam garis dan pertandingan perubahan lingkungan bisnis eksternal. Menggunakan ini sebagai dasar itu adalah latihan yang cukup mudah untuk menghitung biaya-biaya lain, termasuk jumlah orang (dan paket remunerasi mereka, seperti biaya pensiun, asuransi nasional, biaya perjalanan) yang diperlukan untuk menjalankan bagian tertentu dari bisnis. Dalam dunia bisnis modern tingkat perubahan adalah seperti bahwa tidak mungkin untuk memiliki gambaran yang jelas tentang masa depan. Tak pelak dibutuhkan waktu untuk membangun 'gambaran besar' dari banyak kecil, pergeseran skenario yang berkaitan dengan anggaran pusat biaya individu. Penganggaran mungkin sulit, tetapi penting untuk sebuah bisnis untuk tetap mengendalikan dan 'di depan permainan'. Page 5: Keuntungan dan kerugian dari anggaran biaya penganggaran menyediakan organisasi dengan analisis rinci masa depan dan pola pengeluaran yang diusulkan saat ini, memungkinkan jauh lebih baik control (dengan menanggapi varians). Kinerja dapat dianalisis secara kuantitatif (dalam jumlah), sehingga memungkinkan untuk mengukur keberhasilan keuangan. Pengukuran hasil dapat berfungsi sebagai alat motivasi bagi banyak karyawan. Analisis anggaran juga memungkinkan untuk mengidentifikasi biaya yang tidak perlu yang dapat dihapus sehingga fokus dana pada kegiatan nilai tambah. Kraft menggunakan kontrol anggaran untuk tetap fokus pada hard (kuantitatif) dan lembut (kualitatif) manfaat ulang mendistribusikan belanja. Namun, penting untuk menjaga melihat tujuan jangka panjang organisasi untuk menghindari risiko yang penganggaran mungkin menyebabkan pendek Fokus jangka pada hasil keuangan. Hal ini bisa mendorong latihan pemotongan biaya dengan mengorbankan strategi. Dalam kasus terburuk, manajer individu dapat mengejar eksklusif tujuan sempit mereka sendiri daripada bisnis yang luas. Jika manajer individual tidak senang dengan anggaran mereka mungkin bekerja sama buruk, sehingga sangat penting untuk memiliki diskusi rinci untuk mencapai kesepakatan bersama. Inilah sebabnya mengapa Kraft sebagai organisasi mempertahankan pendekatan konsultatif untuk anggaran pembangunan. Page 6: jenis Alternatif penganggaran Ada beberapa jenis penganggaran untuk memilih dari. Kraft menggunakan campuran berikut. I. Nol penganggaran berbasis Dalam bisnis yang dinamis sering masuk akal untuk 'mulai dari awal' ketika mengembangkan anggaran daripada mendasarkan gagasan terlalu banyak pada kinerja masa lalu. Hal ini sesuai dengan Kraft karena organisasi ini terus berusaha untuk berinovasi. Setiap anggaran karena itu dibangun tanpa banyak mengacu anggaran sebelumnya. Dengan cara ini, perubahan dibangun ke dalam pemikiran anggaran. Ii. Penganggaran strategis ini melibatkan identifikasi baru, peluang yang muncul, dan kemudian membangun rencana untuk mengambil keuntungan penuh dari mereka. Hal ini berkaitan erat dengan nol anggaran berbasis dan membantu Kraft untuk berkonsentrasi pada mendapatkan keunggulan kompetitif. Iii. Anggaran bergulir



















































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