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7. Discussion and conclusionsAs mentioned in the beginning, the Beyond Budgeting literature leaves many questions unanswered. For example, if budgets are unsuitable for today’s business environment, why are they still widely used? How can an organization escape the annual fixed performance contract if it does not have any relative performance targets to use instead? Is the Beyond Budgeting model universally adaptable? The experiences reported in the Beyond Budgeting literature may reflect well-functioning management models, and there is certainly much to learn from others’ experiences. However, often “{t}he logic behind what works at top performers, why it works and what will work elsewhere is barely unravelled” (Pfeffer and Sutton, 2006, p. 6) in the literature, which, in turn, leads to mindless imitations, as Pfeffer and Sutton (2006) argue in their call for moreevidence-based management.7.1 Reasons for going beyond budgetingAs discussed in Section 5, the arguments made by Food Corp for going Beyond Budgeting are in line with some of the arguments made by Beyond Budgeting proponents, such as Hope and Fraser (2003a) and Bogsnes (2009). In particular, the arguments that budgets restrict organizations from adapting to rapidly changing business environments and that budgeting is a costly process were mentioned by Food Corp. At the time of data collection and in previous years, Food Corp faced environmental uncertainty, which caused large budget deviations and made planning difficult. Food Corp felt that this supported the case for changing the budgeting system. In this regard, Food Corp is an example of an organization that changes its budgeting process because its inance people adhere to the arguments made by Beyond Budgeting proponents. In other words, the supply side of the diffusion process succeeded in “selling” the negative story about traditional budgets (see Bjørnenak, 1997, for more on diffusion theory in connection with management accounting innovations).
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