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Conceptually, a bus protocol specifies three separate forms of information: control
information, address information, and data. In practice, a bus does not need separate
wires for each type because a bus protocol can multiplex communication over a small
set of wires.
A bus defines an address space that may contain holes (i.e., unassigned addresses).
A computer system can have a single bus to which memory and I/O devices attach, or
can have multiple buses that each attach to specific types of devices. As an alternative,
a hardware device called a bridge can be used to add multiple auxiliary buses to a computer
by mapping all or part of the auxiliary bus address space onto the address space of
the computer’s main bus.
The chief alternative to a bus is known as a switching fabric. Although they
achieve higher throughput by using parallelism, switching fabrics are restricted to highend
systems because a switching fabric is significantly more expensive than a bus.
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