concord. The relatively lax, merged short-a vowels are found in grandm translation - concord. The relatively lax, merged short-a vowels are found in grandm Indonesian how to say

concord. The relatively lax, merged

concord. The relatively lax, merged short-a vowels are found in grandmother, axe, back, and smack.

(7) Yeah I remember when I when, one time I took her over to the house and my
grandmother was tellin’ me, wa— I shouldn’t be bringin’ people over her house. She was arguin’ with Pam then and, when I had brung the baby home, The first day I brung the baby home, and P am came over, and Pa m just went to the, um, to the crib and just looked at the baby.

And my grandma was fussin’ at her sayin’ “You might carry all kinds of germs,” you know, she was lookin’ at her, bus’in’ on an everything, [Yeah?] and— yeah, you can axe her for herself! She was bustin’ on an’ tellin’ us the way “You sh— ain’t got no business bein’ around that baby, that baby just got home! I don’t want that baby catchin’ no germs.” She ain’t say nuttin’. But then I told P am, I said “Pam, you know what, you should say something smart right back to her.” Then that’s when my aunt
smacked me, ’cause my aunt was sittin’ right there. Said, “Don’t go back talkin’ back to your grandmother” No, my aunt don’t like my grandmother. But yet, she don’t like me talkin’ smart to her either.

In addition to the phonology and grammar of AAVE, Jackie displays an immersion in the speech events characteristic of the AAVE community: busting, back talking, and talking smart. At this stage in her life, Jackie C. was prototypical of the core younger speakers of AAVE. In terms of language and in terms of social interaction, she is an inlier as opposed to the outliers Gloria S. and Steve P. Instead of a tendency to approximate the surrounding system that we projected from earlier work, her short-a pattern shows no influence of the white mainstream system that surrounds her North Philadelphia speech community.
The major factor that appears to be operating here is the amount of communication across racial lines (Ash & Myhill, 1986; Myhill, 1988). The limited sharing of linguistic patterns is a logical consequence of the residential segregation of the city. Children growing up in African American neighborhoods have little personal contact with speakers of the white mainstream community. Table 3 is from Hershberg, Burstein, Ericksen, Greenberg, and Yancey’s (1981) study of Philadelphia history, showing the


proportion of a person’s census tract that consists of the same group. Over a century, segregation of Blacks has steadily increased, while the figures for others have steadily declined. In American Apartheid, Massey and Denton (1993) point out that America has achieved a higher degree of residential segregation than South Africa ever did. The extent to which blacks live in neighborhoods that are predominantly black jumped from 27.3 in 1930 to 75.6 in 1970 in Philadelphia and similar increases were found in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and San Francisco (Massey & Denton, 1993:Table 3.4). Even in the mixed neighborhoods of Philadelphia like Mount Airy and Port Richmond, most African Americans grow up without any daily interchange with white speakers, and contact is primarily diffusion across adult lines. Given what we know about adult language learning abilities, it is not surprising that the short-a pattern of most African American Philadelphians does not even approximate the complex pattern of the white mainstream community but makes only passing reference to it.
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concord. The relatively lax, merged short-a vowels are found in grandmother, axe, back, and smack.(7) Yeah I remember when I when, one time I took her over to the house and mygrandmother was tellin’ me, wa— I shouldn’t be bringin’ people over her house. She was arguin’ with Pam then and, when I had brung the baby home, The first day I brung the baby home, and P am came over, and Pa m just went to the, um, to the crib and just looked at the baby.And my grandma was fussin’ at her sayin’ “You might carry all kinds of germs,” you know, she was lookin’ at her, bus’in’ on an everything, [Yeah?] and— yeah, you can axe her for herself! She was bustin’ on an’ tellin’ us the way “You sh— ain’t got no business bein’ around that baby, that baby just got home! I don’t want that baby catchin’ no germs.” She ain’t say nuttin’. But then I told P am, I said “Pam, you know what, you should say something smart right back to her.” Then that’s when my auntsmacked me, ’cause my aunt was sittin’ right there. Said, “Don’t go back talkin’ back to your grandmother” No, my aunt don’t like my grandmother. But yet, she don’t like me talkin’ smart to her either.In addition to the phonology and grammar of AAVE, Jackie displays an immersion in the speech events characteristic of the AAVE community: busting, back talking, and talking smart. At this stage in her life, Jackie C. was prototypical of the core younger speakers of AAVE. In terms of language and in terms of social interaction, she is an inlier as opposed to the outliers Gloria S. and Steve P. Instead of a tendency to approximate the surrounding system that we projected from earlier work, her short-a pattern shows no influence of the white mainstream system that surrounds her North Philadelphia speech community.The major factor that appears to be operating here is the amount of communication across racial lines (Ash & Myhill, 1986; Myhill, 1988). The limited sharing of linguistic patterns is a logical consequence of the residential segregation of the city. Children growing up in African American neighborhoods have little personal contact with speakers of the white mainstream community. Table 3 is from Hershberg, Burstein, Ericksen, Greenberg, and Yancey’s (1981) study of Philadelphia history, showing the proportion of a person’s census tract that consists of the same group. Over a century, segregation of Blacks has steadily increased, while the figures for others have steadily declined. In American Apartheid, Massey and Denton (1993) point out that America has achieved a higher degree of residential segregation than South Africa ever did. The extent to which blacks live in neighborhoods that are predominantly black jumped from 27.3 in 1930 to 75.6 in 1970 in Philadelphia and similar increases were found in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and San Francisco (Massey & Denton, 1993:Table 3.4). Even in the mixed neighborhoods of Philadelphia like Mount Airy and Port Richmond, most African Americans grow up without any daily interchange with white speakers, and contact is primarily diffusion across adult lines. Given what we know about adult language learning abilities, it is not surprising that the short-a pattern of most African American Philadelphians does not even approximate the complex pattern of the white mainstream community but makes only passing reference to it.
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kerukunan. Yang relatif longgar, bergabung pendek-a vokal ditemukan di nenek, kapak, kembali, dan memukul. (7) Ya saya ingat ketika saya ketika, suatu waktu aku membawanya ke rumah dan saya nenek tellin 'saya, wa Aku seharusnya tidak bringin 'orang lebih rumahnya. Dia arguin 'dengan Pam kemudian dan, ketika saya telah kubawa pulang bayi, Hari pertama kubawa pulang bayi, dan P am datang, dan Pa m hanya pergi ke, um, untuk tidur dan hanya memandang bayi. Dan nenek saya fussin 'di sayin nya' "Anda mungkin membawa semua jenis kuman," Anda tahu, dia lookin 'padanya, bus'in' pada segala sesuatu, [Ya?] dan- ya, Anda bisa kapak nya untuk dirinya sendiri! Dia Bustin 'pada' tellin 'kita jalan "Anda sh- tak punya bisnis Bein' sekitar bayi itu, bayi yang baru pulang! Saya tidak ingin bayi catchin 'tidak kuman. "Dia tidak mengatakan nuttin'. Tapi kemudian saya diberitahu P pagi, aku berkata "Pam, kau tahu apa, yang harus Anda mengatakan sesuatu yang cerdas segera kembali padanya." Lalu saat itulah bibi saya memukul saya, 'menyebabkan bibi saya sedang duduk di sana. Mengatakan, "Jangan kembali bicara kembali ke nenekmu" Tidak, bibi saya tidak suka nenekku. Tapi belum, dia tidak menyukai saya bicara cerdas untuk dirinya baik. Selain fonologi dan tata bahasa dari AAVE, Jackie menampilkan perendaman dalam acara pidato karakteristik masyarakat AAVE: penghilang, kembali berbicara, dan berbicara cerdas. Pada tahap ini dalam hidupnya, Jackie C. adalah prototipe dari speaker inti muda AAVE. Dalam hal bahasa dan dalam hal interaksi sosial, dia adalah inlier yang bertentangan dengan outlier Gloria S. dan Steve P. Daripada kecenderungan untuk mendekati sistem sekitarnya yang kami diproyeksikan dari karya sebelumnya, pendek-pola nya tidak menunjukkan . pengaruh sistem utama putih yang mengelilingi masyarakat tutur Philadelphia Utara nya Faktor utama yang tampaknya beroperasi di sini adalah jumlah komunikasi lintas ras (Ash & Myhill, 1986; Myhill, 1988). Pembagian terbatas pola linguistik merupakan konsekuensi logis dari segregasi perumahan kota. Anak-anak tumbuh di lingkungan Afrika Amerika memiliki kontak pribadi kecil dengan speaker masyarakat arus utama putih. Tabel 3 adalah dari Hershberg, Burstein, Ericksen, Greenberg, dan Yancey (1981) studi sejarah Philadelphia, menunjukkan proporsi seseorang sensus saluran yang terdiri dari kelompok yang sama. Lebih dari satu abad, pemisahan kulit hitam telah terus meningkat, sedangkan angka untuk orang lain telah terus menurun. Di Amerika Apartheid, Massey dan Denton (1993) menunjukkan bahwa Amerika telah mencapai tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari segregasi perumahan dari Afrika Selatan pernah melakukannya. Sejauh mana orang kulit hitam tinggal di lingkungan yang didominasi hitam melompat dari 27,3 di 1.930-75,6 pada tahun 1970 di Philadelphia dan kenaikan serupa ditemukan di Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, dan San Francisco (Massey & Denton, 1993: Tabel 3.4 ). Bahkan di lingkungan campuran dari Philadelphia seperti Gunung Airy dan Pelabuhan Richmond, kebanyakan orang Amerika Afrika tumbuh tanpa pertukaran setiap hari dengan speaker putih, dan kontak terutama difusi lintas dewasa. Mengingat apa yang kita ketahui tentang kemampuan belajar bahasa orang dewasa, tidak mengherankan bahwa pendek pola yang paling Afrika Amerika Filadelfia bahkan tidak mendekati pola kompleks masyarakat arus utama putih tapi hanya membuat lewat referensi untuk itu.












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