The contemporary nature of jobs differs significantly from those of the past. Industrial
and business organizations are more likely to face competition, creating pressure for these
sectors to develop production systems, improve quality, decrease unit costs, and respond
to customer needs. Moreover, they tend to initiate innovation to serve this rapid growth
(Kungsanan, 2006). On the other hand, in the government organizations in Thailand such
as public schools in the educational sector, most of the employees are teachersgovernment
officers who are often perceived as ineffective workers. This problem may be
due to several reasons. Teacher-working systems utilize top-down strategies to command
more bureaucratic authorization, which may create perceptions of restricted control and
impede teacher initiatives. Moreover, teacher salaries and other benefits, which play an
important role in promoting motivation and work effort, remain quite low when compared