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How is it that Western music can satisfy harmonic and contrapuntal constraints atonce? What determines whether two chords can be connected by efficient voice leading?Musicians have been investigating these questions for almost three centuries. The circle offifths (Fig. S1), first published in 1728 (4), depicts efficient voice leadings among thetwelve major scales. The Tonnetz (Fig. S2), originating with Euler in 1739, representsefficient voice leadings among the twenty-four major and minor triads (2, 5). Recent work(5–13) investigates efficient voice leading in a variety of special cases. Despite tantalizinghints (6–10), however, no theory has articulated general principles explaining when andwhy efficient voice leading is possible. This report provides such a theory, describinggeometrical spaces in which points represent chords and line segments represent voice leadings between their endpoints. These spaces show us precisely how harmony andcounterpoint are related.
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