we identified several key limitations with these systems as
they are documented in the literature, including: (1) the use
of a small holding tank (up to 1 L) to hold the growth solution, reducing scalability [7,8]; (2) the need to sterilise
parts of the set-up [8,9], which lengthened and complicated
the procedure; (3) the use of rockwool or sponge [7,10-12],
which prevented access to the full root system and predisposed
the apical meristems to flooding; (4) the use of specialised
materials such as a prefabricated seed holder, which
increased cost [13]; and the need to transfer plantlets between
multiple growth environments [14,15].