Organizational change magnitude. To assess the magnitude of change wit translation - Organizational change magnitude. To assess the magnitude of change wit Indonesian how to say

Organizational change magnitude. To

Organizational change magnitude. To assess the magnitude of change within each
leader-direct report work unit (e.g. company, non-profit organization, university,
college, division, etc.), both leaders and their respective direct reports were asked to
characterize the organizational changes that occurred during the past year on a scale
ranging from “extremely significant” (5) to “little or no changes” (1). Interrater
reliability analyses (rwg; James et al., 1984) indicated sufficient leader-follower
agreement with an a of 0.73. Using the same five-point scale, leaders and followers
were asked to rate the magnitude of organizational change on a five-item scale
composed of the following dimensions: structural (e.g. reorganization, changes in
reporting relationships), cultural (e.g. changes in philosophy, values, expected
behavior), technological (e.g. new equipment, computer systems), procedural (e.g. new
work processes, policies, practices), and personnel (e.g. new position, job function(s)).
Following procedures by Waldman et al. (2004) for creating composite measures of
organizational change, leaders and their respective followers’ ratings across these
dimensions of change were summed and averaged to form a composite measure of
organizational change magnitude that produced an a of 0.78. Thus, the organizational
change magnitude measure represents both leader and direct reports’ overall
perceptions of the organizational changes that occurred in their respective company,
organization, university, division, or agency during the past year.
Control variables. Leader tenure and gender, and non-/for-profit organization were
used as control variables in the present study. Because the extent of a leader’s prior
work experience with followers may be related to perceptions of visionary leadership
or leadership effectiveness, number of years at the current position was used as a
control variable. Furthermore, leader gender was controlled given prior research that
strongly suggests women possess greater emotional expressivity skills than their male
counterparts (Riggio, 1989; Petrides and Furnham, 2000). Finally, given the range of
organizations and industries from which the leaders were drawn, and the
predominance of non-profit organizations in the sample, non-/for-profit
organizational status was included as a control variable. The gender (male ¼ 0,
female ¼ 1) and non-/for-profit organizational status (non-profit ¼ 0, for-profit ¼ 1)
variables were dummy-coded with 0 and 1 values for use in subsequent hypothesis
testing.
Analyses
Level of analysis. The leader-direct report work unit (e.g. company, organization,
university, division, or agency) was chosen as the unit of analysis for the present study
such that items measuring emotional expressivity were averaged to create scale scores
for each leader participant while direct report ratings of visionary leadership and
leadership effectiveness were averaged and aggregated. To appropriately
conceptualize and measure the relationships of interest, the present study adopted
the close charismatic level-of-analysis described by Shamir (1995). Because immediate
followers have day-to-day interaction with their leader and are privy to direct
observation of their leader’s interpersonal behavior, they are much more likely to
provide accurate ratings of visionary leadership and leadership effectiveness than
distant followers. Furthermore, concerns about followers’ romance of leadership
(Meindl and Ehrlich, 1987; Meindl et al., 1985) and implicit leadership theories are
significantly lessened when immediate followers are providing ratings of visionary
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Organizational change magnitude. To assess the magnitude of change within eachleader-direct report work unit (e.g. company, non-profit organization, university,college, division, etc.), both leaders and their respective direct reports were asked tocharacterize the organizational changes that occurred during the past year on a scaleranging from “extremely significant” (5) to “little or no changes” (1). Interraterreliability analyses (rwg; James et al., 1984) indicated sufficient leader-followeragreement with an a of 0.73. Using the same five-point scale, leaders and followerswere asked to rate the magnitude of organizational change on a five-item scalecomposed of the following dimensions: structural (e.g. reorganization, changes inreporting relationships), cultural (e.g. changes in philosophy, values, expectedbehavior), technological (e.g. new equipment, computer systems), procedural (e.g. newwork processes, policies, practices), and personnel (e.g. new position, job function(s)).Following procedures by Waldman et al. (2004) for creating composite measures oforganizational change, leaders and their respective followers’ ratings across thesedimensions of change were summed and averaged to form a composite measure oforganizational change magnitude that produced an a of 0.78. Thus, the organizationalchange magnitude measure represents both leader and direct reports’ overallperceptions of the organizational changes that occurred in their respective company,organization, university, division, or agency during the past year.Control variables. Leader tenure and gender, and non-/for-profit organization wereused as control variables in the present study. Because the extent of a leader’s priorwork experience with followers may be related to perceptions of visionary leadershipor leadership effectiveness, number of years at the current position was used as acontrol variable. Furthermore, leader gender was controlled given prior research thatstrongly suggests women possess greater emotional expressivity skills than their malecounterparts (Riggio, 1989; Petrides and Furnham, 2000). Finally, given the range oforganizations and industries from which the leaders were drawn, and thepredominance of non-profit organizations in the sample, non-/for-profitorganizational status was included as a control variable. The gender (male ¼ 0,female ¼ 1) and non-/for-profit organizational status (non-profit ¼ 0, for-profit ¼ 1)variables were dummy-coded with 0 and 1 values for use in subsequent hypothesistesting.AnalysesLevel of analysis. The leader-direct report work unit (e.g. company, organization,university, division, or agency) was chosen as the unit of analysis for the present studysuch that items measuring emotional expressivity were averaged to create scale scoresfor each leader participant while direct report ratings of visionary leadership andleadership effectiveness were averaged and aggregated. To appropriatelyconceptualize and measure the relationships of interest, the present study adoptedthe close charismatic level-of-analysis described by Shamir (1995). Because immediatefollowers have day-to-day interaction with their leader and are privy to directobservation of their leader’s interpersonal behavior, they are much more likely toprovide accurate ratings of visionary leadership and leadership effectiveness thandistant followers. Furthermore, concerns about followers’ romance of leadership(Meindl and Ehrlich, 1987; Meindl et al., 1985) and implicit leadership theories aresignificantly lessened when immediate followers are providing ratings of visionary
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Results (Indonesian) 2:[Copy]
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Organisasi perubahan besarnya. Untuk menilai besarnya perubahan dalam setiap
satuan pemimpin-langsung laporan kerja (misalnya perusahaan, organisasi non-profit, universitas,
perguruan tinggi, divisi, dll), baik pemimpin dan bawahan langsung masing-masing diminta untuk
mengkarakterisasi perubahan organisasi yang terjadi selama tahun lalu pada skala
mulai dari "sangat signifikan" (5) ke "sedikit atau tidak ada perubahan" (1). Interrater
analisis reliabilitas (RWG;. James et al, 1984) menunjukkan pemimpin-pengikut yang cukup
kesepakatan dengan sebuah 0,73. Menggunakan skala lima poin yang sama, pemimpin dan pengikut
diminta untuk menilai besarnya perubahan organisasi pada skala lima-item
yang terdiri dari dimensi berikut: struktural (misalnya reorganisasi, perubahan dalam
hubungan pelaporan), budaya (misalnya perubahan dalam filsafat, nilai-nilai, diharapkan
perilaku), teknologi (misalnya peralatan baru, sistem komputer), prosedural (misalnya baru
proses kerja, kebijakan, praktik), dan personil (misalnya posisi baru, fungsi pekerjaan (s)).
Mengikuti prosedur oleh Waldman et al. (2004) untuk menciptakan langkah-langkah gabungan dari
perubahan organisasi, pemimpin dan peringkat pengikut masing-masing 'di ini
dimensi perubahan itu dijumlahkan dan dirata-ratakan untuk membentuk suatu ukuran gabungan dari
besarnya perubahan organisasi yang menghasilkan suatu 0,78. Dengan demikian, organisasi
ukuran perubahan besarnya mewakili kedua pemimpin dan keseluruhan laporan langsung '
persepsi perubahan organisasi yang terjadi di perusahaan mereka masing-masing,
organisasi, universitas, divisi, atau lembaga selama satu tahun terakhir.
Variabel Kontrol. Kepemilikan pemimpin dan jenis kelamin, dan non / organisasi nirlaba yang
digunakan sebagai variabel kontrol dalam penelitian ini. Karena luasnya sebelum seorang pemimpin
pengalaman kerja dengan pengikut mungkin terkait dengan persepsi kepemimpinan visioner
atau efektivitas kepemimpinan, jumlah tahun di posisi saat ini digunakan sebagai
variabel kontrol. Selanjutnya, pemimpin gender dikendalikan diberikan penelitian sebelumnya yang
sangat menunjukkan perempuan memiliki keterampilan ekspresivitas emosional yang lebih besar daripada laki-laki mereka
rekan-rekan (Riggio, 1989; Petrides dan Furnham, 2000). Akhirnya, mengingat berbagai
organisasi dan industri dari mana pemimpin ditarik, dan
dominasi organisasi non-profit dalam sampel, / nirlaba non
status organisasi dimasukkan sebagai variabel kontrol. Jenis kelamin (laki-laki ¼ 0,
perempuan ¼ 1) dan non / nirlaba status organisasi (non-profit ¼ 0, nirlaba ¼ 1)
variabel dummy-kode dengan 0 dan 1 nilai untuk digunakan dalam hipotesis berikutnya
pengujian.
analisis
Tingkat analisis. Unit pemimpin langsung laporan kerja (misalnya perusahaan, organisasi,
universitas, divisi, atau lembaga) terpilih sebagai unit analisis untuk penelitian ini
sehingga item mengukur ekspresivitas emosional yang rata-rata untuk membuat skor skala
untuk setiap peserta pemimpin sementara laporan langsung peringkat kepemimpinan dan visioner
efektivitas kepemimpinan yang rata-rata dan dikumpulkan. Untuk tepat
konsep dan mengukur hubungan yang menarik, penelitian ini mengadopsi
tingkat-of-analisis karismatik dekat dijelaskan oleh Shamir (1995). Karena segera
pengikut berinteraksi sehari-hari dengan pemimpin mereka dan mengetahui rahasia langsung
pengamatan perilaku antarpribadi pemimpin mereka, mereka jauh lebih mungkin untuk
memberikan penilaian yang akurat kepemimpinan visioner dan efektivitas kepemimpinan dari
pengikut yang jauh. Selain itu, kekhawatiran tentang percintaan pengikut 'kepemimpinan
(Meindl dan Ehrlich, 1987;. Meindl et al, 1985) dan teori-teori kepemimpinan implisit
secara signifikan berkurang ketika pengikut segera menyediakan penilaian dari visioner
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