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As the figure shows, each device connected to a memory bus contains an interface
circuit. The interface implements the bus protocol, and handles all communication.
The interface uses the control lines to gain access to the bus, and sends addresses or
data values as instructed by the processor or memory. Thus, only the interface understands
the bus details.
From a processor’s point of view, the bus interface provides a programming interface.
Because a bus uses the fetch-store paradigm, the programming interface for a bus
consists of only two operations: fetch and store. When a program contains an instruction
that references memory, the processor hardware passes control to the bus interface.
For example, on many architectures, a move instruction extracts data from memory or
moves data to memory. If a program moves data from a memory location to a generalpurpose
register, the processor issues a fetch instruction to the bus interface; if a program
moves data to a memory location, the processor issues a store instruction to the
bus interface.
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