(1) The production of knowledge; (2) The transformation of knowledge into artifacts; (3) The continuous matching of the latter to market need and demands. (Pavitt, 2005: 86)
(1) Pengeluaran pengetahuan; (2) Perubahan pengetahuan ke dalam artifak; (3) yang hampir sama berterusan Obama bagi keperluan dan permintaan pasaran. (Pavitt, 2005: 86)