FIGURE 10. Bimodality measured by A

FIGURE 10. Bimodality measured by Ashman's D for the traditional Philadelphia system (horizontal axis) against bimodality of innovative nasal system (vertical axis) for White mainstream speakers, African Americans, Hispanics, and graduates of three Philadelphia high schools.




TABLE 2. Mixed-models regression analysis of bimodality (/æh/ vs. /æ/) for PNC (N = 293)

Ethnicity (1.8e-11)
White 1.027
African American −.356
Hispanic −.671
Date of birth (1.04e-05) −.012
Sex (.0352)
Female .127
Male −.127

Note: Significance level in parentheses. Random factor: speaker.



OUT LIERS

A great deal can be learned from an examination of the small number of African American outliers in Figure 10. One is the AA square located at 4.23, 0.55, labeled with the number 1. This is Gloria S., interviewed in 1981 at the age of
60. Her family was among the first African Americans to move into the white
neighborhood of South Philadelphia some 50 years earlier.8 She displays a precise and carefully articulated style of speech, using none of the grammatical features of AAVE.


(3) So then maybe you’ve made a new recipe or you’ve discovered something in another field that might make you famous for life. You can’t tell. But try. You keep on going until life stops in one form or another, because we all know we’re going to die one day. But just because you’re old or just because you’re sick, just because you’re handicapped, you’re supposed to not keep trying and keep doing? And I think the more you do, the more you’re able to do. I really do.

A remarkable opposition is seen in the placement in Figure 10 of two best friends from the integrated Mount Airy neighborhood, interviewed together in their early
20s in 1980. They are located by two other AA squares: Jerome, labeled 2 at 2.59,
1.46 and Burt, labeled 3 at 1.45, 0.97. The two friends disagreed about the extent of integration and everything else on the issues of black/white relations, with Jerome taking the most positive view.