The PIRLS 2016 Reading Framework and the instruments developed to assess this framework reflect IEA’s commitment to be forward thinking and incorporate the latest approaches to measuring the reading achievement of young students in their fourth year of schooling. PIRLS is based on the broad notion of what the ability to read means—a notion that includes the ability to reflect on written texts and to use these texts as tools for attaining individual and societal goals, also known as “reading to do” (Stiggins, 1982). This view is increasingly relevant in today’s society, where greater emphasis continues to be placed on students’ ability to use the information they gain from reading (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1995; 1997; 2000; 2001; 2005; 2010). Emphasis is shifting from demonstrating fluency and basic comprehension to demonstrating the ability to apply what is read to new situations or projects (Coulombe, Trembly, & Marchand, 2004; Smith, Mikulecky, Kibby, & Dreher, 2000; see also PIRLS 2011 Encyclopedia).
The PIRLS framework for assessing reading achievement was initially developed for the first assessment in 2001, using IEA’s 1991 Reading Literacy Study (Elley, 1992; 1994; Wolf, 1995) as the basis for the PIRLS definition of reading literacy and for establishing the aspects of reading comprehension to be assessed. Since then, the PIRLS assessment framework has been updated for each subsequent assessment cycle (Campbell, Kelly, Mullis, Martin, & Sainsbury, 2001; Mullis, Kennedy, Martin, & Sainsbury, 2006; Mullis, Martin, Kennedy, Trong, & Sainsbury, 2009).
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The PIRLS 2016 Assessment Framework, 2nd Edition provides the foundation for the three international assessments planned as part of IEA’s PIRLS 2016: PIRLS, PIRLS Literacy, and ePIRLS. PIRLS represents the international standard for reading comprehension at the fourth grade. PIRLS Literacy, a less difficult version of PIRLS, is designed to assess foundational reading skills that are prerequisites for success on PIRLS. New in 2016, ePIRLS is an innovative assessment of online reading that makes it possible for countries to understand how successful the are in preparing fourth grade students to read, comprehend, and interpret online information.الفصل 1 ويعرض إطار القراءة PIRLS عام 2016، ويصف بالتفصيل بعض الأغراض الرئيسية للقراءة والعمليات من الفهم لفحصها في الصف الرابع. PIRLS ويقيم غرضين للقراءة التي عادة ما تشارك طلاب الصف الرابع في: قراءة للتجربة الأدبية، كذلك فيما يتعلق بالحصول على المعلومات واستخدامها. كما يقيم PIRLS أربع عمليات واسعة للفهم وغالباً ما تستخدم بالقراء الصف الرابع: التركيز على واسترجاع المعلومات المعلنة صراحة، وجعل استنتاجات واضحة، وتفسير ودمج الأفكار والمعلومات، وتقييم ونقد عناصر المحتوى والنصوص. ويتضمن الفصل 2 إطار Contextual 2016 PIRLS تصف أنواع أوضاع التعليم والعوامل المرتبطة بتنمية الطلاب في القراءة لمحو الأمية التي سيجري التحقيق عن طريق الموسوعة 2016 PIRLS بالإضافة إلى استبيانات الطلبة والمعلمين والمدارس. وأخيراً، الفصل 3 يوفر نظرة عامة PIRLS وكتيب اختبار PIRLS لمحو الأمية وابيرلس المهام التصاميم، بما في ذلك المعالم العامة للتنمية البند.
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