TABLE 1. Percentage of tensing of short-a for 30 African Americans in  translation - TABLE 1. Percentage of tensing of short-a for 30 African Americans in  Indonesian how to say

TABLE 1. Percentage of tensing of s

TABLE 1. Percentage of tensing of short-a for 30 African Americans in West Philadelphia

Tensing Examples % Tense
Normally tense
Nasals can, ham 95
Voiceless fricatives half, glass, bath 69
mad, bad, glad 83
Normally lax
Intervocalic nasals hammer, banana 43
Irregular verbs ran, swam, began 71
Reprinted, with permission, from Henderson (1996).

The main focus of our examination is on the extent to which the African American speakers integrate these conditions into their phonology. Table 1 shows an early answer to this question in Henderson (1996), a study of the short-a split among 30 middle-class African Americans in West Philadelphia. Closed syllables before nasals are close to categorically tense but short-a before voiceless fricatives shows only 69% tense, and the lexical set of three words before /d/ is only 83% tense as compared to the 99.6% for whites found in the
1970s (Labov, 1989). Even more striking is the fact that the traditionally lax set before intervocalic nasals is tense almost half the time. As a whole, this pattern corresponds to the characterization projected at the outset: African American communities approximate the phonology of the surrounding northern city.
We can now use the locally weighted regression technique to display the phonetic contrast between the traditionally defined tense and lax classes in Philadelphia across the century. Figure 6A displays the contrast by date of birth of the mean values of tense /æh/ versus lax /æ/ for the white mainstream population of the PNC. The two distributions are widely disjunct, although the distance appears to be diminishing in recent decades as the tense class becomes slightly lower. LRF showed that this reduction is primarily the result of younger speakers with higher education switching to the nasal system in which vowels are tensed before all and only nasal consonants. In contrast, the diagram for African Americans in Figure 6B shows that the distinction has practically disappeared as a consequence of the opposite upward movement for the lax class. The broad overlap of the gray 95% confidence areas indicates that there is no significant difference between /æh/ and /æ/.
To illustrate the disjunct character of the traditional opposition in the white
community, Figure 7 shows the FAVE analysis of tense and lax short-a for PNC subject Jean B., a 60-year-old working-class woman interviewed by Fruehwald in 2006. The downward-pointing triangles represent the traditionally tense class. Words with nasal codas are highlighted, displaying no substantial differences from the unhighlighted tokens before voiceless fricatives. One instance of the tense class—grand—approaches the lax class, a phonetic effect of coarticulation of the initial obstruent-liquid cluster that has been frequently noted (Labov et al.,
2006; Labov, submitted).
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TABLE 1. Percentage of tensing of short-a for 30 African Americans in West PhiladelphiaTensing Examples % TenseNormally tense Nasals can, ham 95Voiceless fricatives half, glass, bath 69 mad, bad, glad 83Normally lax Intervocalic nasals hammer, banana 43Irregular verbs ran, swam, began 71Reprinted, with permission, from Henderson (1996).The main focus of our examination is on the extent to which the African American speakers integrate these conditions into their phonology. Table 1 shows an early answer to this question in Henderson (1996), a study of the short-a split among 30 middle-class African Americans in West Philadelphia. Closed syllables before nasals are close to categorically tense but short-a before voiceless fricatives shows only 69% tense, and the lexical set of three words before /d/ is only 83% tense as compared to the 99.6% for whites found in the1970s (Labov, 1989). Even more striking is the fact that the traditionally lax set before intervocalic nasals is tense almost half the time. As a whole, this pattern corresponds to the characterization projected at the outset: African American communities approximate the phonology of the surrounding northern city.We can now use the locally weighted regression technique to display the phonetic contrast between the traditionally defined tense and lax classes in Philadelphia across the century. Figure 6A displays the contrast by date of birth of the mean values of tense /æh/ versus lax /æ/ for the white mainstream population of the PNC. The two distributions are widely disjunct, although the distance appears to be diminishing in recent decades as the tense class becomes slightly lower. LRF showed that this reduction is primarily the result of younger speakers with higher education switching to the nasal system in which vowels are tensed before all and only nasal consonants. In contrast, the diagram for African Americans in Figure 6B shows that the distinction has practically disappeared as a consequence of the opposite upward movement for the lax class. The broad overlap of the gray 95% confidence areas indicates that there is no significant difference between /æh/ and /æ/.To illustrate the disjunct character of the traditional opposition in the white
community, Figure 7 shows the FAVE analysis of tense and lax short-a for PNC subject Jean B., a 60-year-old working-class woman interviewed by Fruehwald in 2006. The downward-pointing triangles represent the traditionally tense class. Words with nasal codas are highlighted, displaying no substantial differences from the unhighlighted tokens before voiceless fricatives. One instance of the tense class—grand—approaches the lax class, a phonetic effect of coarticulation of the initial obstruent-liquid cluster that has been frequently noted (Labov et al.,
2006; Labov, submitted).
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TABEL 1. Persentase menegang pendek-untuk 30 Afrika Amerika di West Philadelphia Tensing Contoh% Tense Biasanya tegang nasal bisa, ham 95 Voiceless frikatif setengah, kaca, mandi 69 gila, buruk, senang 83 Biasanya longgar antarvokal nasal palu, pisang 43 kata kerja tidak teratur berlari, berenang, mulai 71 Dicetak ulang, dengan izin, dari Henderson (1996). Fokus utama dari pemeriksaan kami adalah pada sejauh mana speaker Afrika Amerika mengintegrasikan kondisi ini ke fonologi mereka. Tabel 1 menunjukkan jawaban awal untuk pertanyaan ini di Henderson (1996), sebuah studi dari pendek-split antara 30 kelas menengah Afrika Amerika di West Philadelphia. Suku tertutup sebelum nasal yang dekat dengan kategoris tegang tapi pendek-sebelum frikatif tak bersuara menunjukkan hanya 69% tegang, dan set leksikal dari tiga kata sebelum / d / hanya 83% tegang dibandingkan dengan 99,6% untuk kulit putih ditemukan di tahun 1970-an (Labov, 1989). Bahkan lebih mengejutkan adalah fakta bahwa himpunan tradisional lemah sebelum nasal antarvokal tegang hampir separuh waktu. Secara keseluruhan, pola ini sesuai dengan karakterisasi diproyeksikan di awal: masyarakat Afrika Amerika mendekati fonologi dari utara kota sekitarnya. Kami sekarang dapat menggunakan teknik regresi tertimbang lokal untuk menampilkan kontras fonetik antara kelas tegang dan kendor didefinisikan secara tradisional di Philadelphia di abad ini. Gambar 6A menampilkan kontras dengan tanggal lahir dari nilai-nilai rata-rata tegang / AEH / vs longgar / æ / bagi penduduk utama putih dari PNC. Dua distribusi yang luas terpisah, meskipun jarak tampaknya berkurang dalam beberapa dekade terakhir sebagai kelas tegang menjadi sedikit lebih rendah. LRF menunjukkan bahwa pengurangan ini terutama hasil dari speaker yang lebih muda dengan switching pendidikan tinggi untuk sistem hidung di mana vokal tegang sebelum semua dan hanya konsonan nasal. Sebaliknya, diagram untuk Afrika Amerika di Gambar 6B menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan praktis telah menghilang sebagai akibat dari gerakan ke atas berlawanan untuk kelas longgar. Tumpang tindih luas wilayah kepercayaan 95% abu-abu menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara / AEH / dan / æ /. Untuk menggambarkan karakter terpisah dari oposisi tradisional di putih masyarakat, Gambar 7 menunjukkan analisis FAVE dari tegang dan kendor pendek untuk PNC subjek Jean B., seorang wanita kelas pekerja 60 tahun diwawancarai oleh Fruehwald pada tahun 2006. segitiga menunjuk ke bawah mewakili kelas tradisional tegang. Kata-kata dengan codas hidung yang disorot, menampilkan tidak ada perbedaan yang cukup besar dari token unhighlighted sebelum frikatif tak bersuara. Satu contoh dari tegang kelas-grand-pendekatan kelas longgar, efek fonetik koartikulasi dari cluster obstruen-cair awal yang telah sering dicatat (Labov et al,. 2006; Labov, disampaikan).

















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