Evolution of the Grammatical System

Evolution of the Grammatical System from the 11th to the 18th Century.
The first English grammar, Pamphlet for Grammar by William Bullokar, written with the seeming goal of demonstrating that English was quite as rule-bound as Latin, was published in 1586. Bullokar's grammar was faithfully modeled onWilliam Lily's Latin grammar, Rudimenta Grammatices (1534). Lily's grammar was being used in schools in England at that time, having been "prescribed" for them in 1542 by Henry VIII. Although Bullokar wrote his grammar in English and used a "reformed spelling system" of his own invention, many English grammars, for much of the century after Bullokar's effort, were to be written in Latin; this was especially so for books whose authors were aiming to be scholarly. Christopher Cooper's Grammatica Linguæ Anglicanæ (1685) was the last English grammar written in Latin.
The yoke of Latin grammar writing bore down oppressively on much of the early history of English grammars. Any attempt by one author to assert an independent grammatical rule for English was quickly followed by equal avowals by others of truth of the corresponding Latin-based equivalent. Even as late as the early nineteenth century, Lindley Murray, the author of one of the most widely used grammars of the day, was having to cite "grammatical authorities" to bolster the claim that grammatical cases in English are different from those in Ancient Greek or Latin.
The focus on tradition, however, belied the role that other social forces had already begun to play in the early seventeenth century. In particular, increasing commerce, and the social changes it wrought, created new impetus for grammar writing. On the one hand, greater British role in international trade created demand for English grammars for speakers of other languages. Many such grammars were published in various European languages in the second half of the seventeenth century. On the other hand, English grammars began to reach a wider audience within Britain itself. They spread beyond their erstwhile readership of "learned," privileged, adult males to other groups of native speakers such as women, merchants, tradesmen, and even schoolboys. Consequently, by the early eighteenth century, many grammars, such as John Brightland's A Grammar of the English tongue (1711) and James Greenwood's Essay towards a practical English grammar, were targeting people without "Latin background," including the "fair sex" and children.
If by the end of the seventeenth century English grammar writing had made a modest start, totaling 16 new grammars since Bullokar's Pamphlet of 115 years before, by the end of the eighteenth, the pace was positively brisk; 270 new titles were added during that century. Both publishing and demand, moreover, would continue to mushroom. The first half of the nineteenth century would see the appearance of almost 900 new books on English grammar. Showing little originality, most new books took the tack of claiming—as justification for their appearance—that the needs of their particular target audience were still unmet or that a particular "grammatical point" had not been treated adequately in the preexisting texts, or oftentimes both. Texts that were both utilitarian and egalitarian were proliferating everywhere. Edward Shelley's The people's grammar; or English grammar without difficulties for 'the million' (1848), for example, was written for "the mechanic and hard-working youth, in their solitary struggles for the acquirement of knowledge." Similarly, William Cobbett's popular mid-century book was titled, A Grammar of the English Language, In a Series of Letters: Intended for the Use of Schools and of Young Persons in General, but more especially for the use of Soldiers, Sailors, Apprentices, and Plough-Boys.

Results (English) 3:

从第十一到第十八世纪的语法系统的演变。
第一英语语法，用威廉Bullokar语法小册子，书面证明英语是规则约束的拉丁表面上的目标，在1586出版。Bullokar的语法是忠实地再现onwilliam莉莉的拉丁语法，原基grammatices（1534）。莉莉的语法被用于当时在英国的学校，被“规定”为他们在1542由亨利八世。虽然Bullokar英语写他的语法和用“改革拼写系统”他自己发明的，很多英语语法，多的世纪Bullokar的努力之后，都是用拉丁文；这是特别的书，其作者的目的是学术。克里斯托弗库珀的语法语言æ圣公会æ（1685）是过去的英语语法写在拉丁美洲。
拉丁文法写作轭孔炎炎很多英语语法的早期历史。任何一个作者主张独立的语法规则，英语是紧接着平等的誓言由相应的拉丁真理别人基于等效。直到第十九世纪，早期的Lindley Murray，一天的最广泛使用的语法分析，不得不引用“语法权威”来加强对英语语法案例的说法，与古希腊或拉丁语的不同。
注重传统，然而，人们认为，其他社会力量已经开始在第十七世纪早期发挥作用。特别是，增加商业和社会变革，创造了新的动力，为语法写作。一方面，在国际贸易中扮演更大的角色，创造了对其他语言使用者的英语语法的要求。在第十七世纪后半段，许多这样的语法被发表在欧洲的各种语言中。另一方面，英语语法开始在英国本土范围内，以更广泛的受众。他们超出他们昔日的读者”的教训，“成年男性特权，其他组以英语为母语的人如妇女、商人、商人、甚至男生。因此，在第十八世纪，早期的很多语法，例如约翰市辉夏的英语语法（1711）和杰姆斯格林伍德论实用英语语法，是针对人没有“拉丁背景，包括“公平性”和孩子。
如果在第十七世纪英语语法写作结束了一个温和的开始，共计16个新语法自Bullokar的小册子，115年前，第十八年底，步伐轻快的新游戏正；270是在这世纪。不仅出版和需求，而且，将继续蘑菇。上半个世纪的第十九个世纪，可以看到几乎900本英语语法书的出现。表现出小的创意，最新的书籍采取的策略，声称自己的外观，其特定的目标受众的需求仍然未得到满足，或一个特定的“语法点”没有得到充分的处理，在预先存在的文本，常常都。功利和平等的文本到处都有。雪莱爱德华的人的语法，或英语语法没有困难的“百万”（1848），例如，被写为“机械和勤奋的青年，在他们的孤独的斗争中获取知识”同样的，威廉这部作品的流行世纪中期的书的标题，英语的语法，在一系列字母：供学校使用和年轻人一般，但更多的是士兵，使用水手、学徒、农民。